This site was archived on 2023-02-01 and is no longer receiving updates. Links, accessibility, and other functionality may be limited.
*** This HTML file was produced by AscToHTM 3.2 (unregistered). Don't forget to register it ***





APPENDICES


Appendix A
Bibliography

This bibliography is divided into two sections. The first cites selected resources which workshop participants have found particularly useful for their understanding of ESC rights standards, conceptual issues, and international human rights mechanisms. It is not exhaustive. The second section lists those resources which were cited in Ripple in Still Water, as well as interviews with and contributions by workshop participants which were critical to the development of this resource. For information about international human rights standards related to ESC rights standards and United Nations documents, refer to Appendix B: A List of Relevant UN Documents and Partial Compilation of ESC Rights Standards.

Selected Readings Recommended by Workshop Participants Alston and Quinn, "The Nature and Scope of States Parties' Obligations Under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, May 1987. Andreassen, Skalnes, Smith and Stokke, "Assessing Human Rights Performance in Developing Countries: The Case for a Minimal Threshold Approach to the Economic and Social Rights." Yearbook of Human Rights in Developing Countries 1987/1988, Copenhagen, 1988. Berenstein, "Economic and Social Rights: Their Inclusion in the European Convention on Human Rights - Problems of Formulation and Interpretation." Human Rights Law Journal, 1981. Center for Economic and Social Rights, UN-Sanctioned Suffering: A Human Rights Assessment of United Nations Sanctions on Iraq. New York, 1996. Center for Economic and Social Rights, Rights Violations in the Ecuadorian Amazon: The Human Consequences of Oil Development, New York, 1994. Craven, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on its Development. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. Flinterman, "The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights." In Lawson and DeBlois (Eds.), The Dynamics of Human Rights in Europe: Essays in Honour of Henry G. Schermers, vol. III, 1994. Gomez, "Social and Economic Rights and Human Rights Commissions." Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1995. van Hoof, "The Legal Nature of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Rebuttal of Some Traditional Views." In Alston and Tomasevski (Eds.), The Right to Food, Martinnus Nijhoff, 1984. Hunt, Reclaiming Social Rights: International and Comparative Perspectives. Dartmouth, 1996.


International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), "Bangalore Declaration and Plan of Action." Geneva, 1995. Leary, "The Right to Complain: The Right to Health." In Coomans and van Hoof (Eds.), The Right to Complain about Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, SIM, Utrecht, 1995. Leckie, "The Justiciability of Housing Rights." In Coomans and van Hoof (Eds.), The Right to Complain about Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, SIM, Utrecht, 1995. Robertson, "Measuring State Compliance with the Obligation to Devote the 'Maximum Available Resources' to Realizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1994. Scheinin, "Direct Applicability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Critique of the Doctrine of Self-Executing Treaties." In (Drzewicki, Krause & Rosas (Eds.), Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge, Abo Akademi University, Turku, 1994. Scott, "The Interdependence and Permeability of Human Rights Norms: Towards a Partial Fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights." Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1989. Scott & Macklem, "Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution." University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 141, No. 1, 1989. Simma, "The Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." In Engel Verlag, The Implementation of Economic and Social Rights: National, International and Comparative Aspects, Kehl, 1991. Teitelbaum, "La Criminalizacion de las Violaciones al Derecho al Dessarrollo y a los Derechos Economicos, Sociales y Culturales." In International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples, Impunity, Geneva, 1993. Resources Cited or Referenced in Ripple in Still Water Advocacy Institute, "Alliance Building". From workshop materials, Washington, 1995. Alston, Philip, "The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, Strategic Planning Workbook for Nonprofit Organizations. Publishing Center for Cultural Resources, New York City, 1986. Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (Forum-Asia), Handbook on Fact-Finding and Documentation of Human Rights Violations. Bangkok, 1993. Bhatt, Mihar R., "Budget Analysis and Policy Priority: DISHA's Experience". Foundation for Public Interest, Ahmedabad, 1995. Bilder, Richard, "An Overview of International Human Rights Law". Guide to International Human Rights Practice, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1984.

Buhl, Cindy, A Citizen's Guide to the Multilateral Development Banks and Indigenous Peoples. Bank Information Center, Washington, D.C., 1995. Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, Legal Provisions on Housing Rights: International and National Approaches. Utrecht, 1994. Chapman, Audrey, A 'Violations Approach' for Monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 18, Number 1, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996. Civil Liberties Organisation, Annual Report on Human Rights in Nigeria, 1993. Lagos, 1993. Dhavan, Rajeev, "Promises, Promises...: Human Rights in India". PILSARC Working Paper No. 130, Public Interest Legal Support and Research Centre, New Delhi, 1996. Human Rights Watch, The Ogoni Crisis: A Case-Study of Military Repression in Southeastern Nigeria. New York, July 1995. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, The World Bank: Governance and Human Rights. 2nd Edition, New York, 1995. Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan, "The Right to Know; The Right to Live: People's Struggle in Rajasthan and the Right to Information". Rajasthan, India, 1996. Pan American Health Organization, The Right to Health in the Americas: A Comparative Constitutional Study. Washington, D.C., 1989. Provea (Programa Venezolano de Educación-Acción en Derechos Humanos), Health as a Right: Framework for the National and International Protection of the Human Right to Health. Caracas, 1996. Shihata, Ibrahim, "The World Bank and Human Rights: An Analysis of the Legal Issues and the Record of Achievements," Paper Submitted to the International Third World Legal Studies Association Panel on the World Bank, Development Projects and Human Rights: The Obligations of the Bank. The World Bank, January 8, 1988. Udall, Lori, A Citizen's Guide to the World Bank's Information Policy. Bank Information Center, Washington, D.C., 1994. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 1991. New York, 1991.

Interviews with ESC Rights Activists1
Ligia Bolívar, Coordinator, Provea (Programa Venezolano de Educación-Acci ón en Derechos Humanos), Venezuela, August 1, 1995 and February 28, 1996.

Ma. Socorro I. Diokno, Secretary General, Free Legal Assistance Group, Philippines, September 8, 1995. Manuel Guzman, Executive Director, HURIDOCS Secretariat, Switzerland, May 23, 1996. Scott Leckie, Center on Housing Rights and Evictions, Switzerland, July 2, 1996. Sanphasit Koompraphant, Executive Director, Centre for the Protection of Children's Rights, Thailand, June 17, 1996. Alberto León Gómez Zuluaga, Subdirector for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Comisión de Colombiana Juristas, Colombia, February 27 and May 24, 1996. Michael McCormack, Convenor, Caribbean Initiative on Equality and Non-Discrimination, Guyana, February 27, 1996. M.D. Mistry, Director, Developing Initiatives for Social and Human Action, India, May 8, 1996. Felix Morka, Director, Social and Economic Rights Action Center, Nigeria, June 19, 1995. Bruce Porter, Coordinator, Centre for Equality Rights in Accommodation, Canada, March 19, 1996. Malee Preukpongsawalee, Committee Member and former Secretary General, Friends of Women Foundation, Thailand, June 20, 1996. Hatim Kanaaneh, Coordinator for International Relations, Equality Conference, and former Director, Galilee Society for Health Research and Services, Israel, March 14, 1996. Vincent Saldanha, Staff Lawyer, Legal Resources Centre, South Africa, June 21, 1996. Henk Smith, Director of Land, Housing and Development Unit, Legal Resources Centre, South Africa, May 9, 1996.

Unpublished Papers Presented or Distributed at the International Workshop on National-Level Activism in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Caribbean Initiative on Equality and Non-Discrimination, "Developing a National Policy for Children within the Framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", packet of materials distributed by Michael McCormack, July 23, 1996. Diokno, Ma. Socorro I., "Issues, Goals and Strategies of the Free Legal Assistance Group in Relation to its Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Program," Free Legal Assistance Group, presented July 22, 1996. Saldanha, Vincent, "The Legal Resources Centre: Litigation Strategies", Legal Resources Centre, Cape Town, 19 July 1996. Saldanha, Vincent, "Policy Work and Legislative Advocacy", Legal Resources Centre, Cape Town, 19 July 1996.

Appendix B
A List of Relevant United Nations Documents and Partial Compilation of ESC Rights Standards


The following is a list of United Nations documents that are important for the study and elaboration of ESC rights standards. Following the list is a partial compilation of standards on the rights to education, food, health and housing.

Relevant United Nations Documents


U.N. Document Number

Name of Document



ST/HR/1/Rev.5
(Volume I has two parts)

Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments2



E/CN.4/1987/17

The Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights3



HRI/GEN/1Rev.1,
July 29, 1994

Compilation of General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Treaty Bodies4



HR/Pub./1991/1

Manual on Human Rights Reporting, Edited by the UN Centre for Human Rights and the UN Institute for Training and Research5



U.N. Centre for Human Rights, Fact Sheet 16 (revised 1996)

"The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"



E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/19

"Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights," Preliminary Report prepared by Mr. Danilo Türk, Special Rapporteur



E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/19

"Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights," Progress Report prepared by Mr. Danilo Türk, Special Rapporteur



E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/17

"Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights," Second Report prepared by Mr. Danilo Türk, Special Rapporteur



E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/16

"Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights," Third Report prepared by Mr. Danilo Türk, Special Rapporteur



E/CN.4/Sub.2/1987/23

"The Right to Adequate Food as a Human Right," Report prepared by Asbjorn Eide, Final Report



E/CN.4/Sub.2/1938/8

"Study Concerning the Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms," Report prepared by Theo van Boven, Special Rapporteur, Final Report



E/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/12

"The Human Right to Adequate Housing," Report prepared by Ravindar Sachar, Final Report



U.N. Centre for Human Rights, Fact Sheet 21 (1993)

"The Human Right to Adequate Housing"



U.N. Centre for Human Rights, Fact Sheet 25 (1993)

"Forced Evictions and Human Rights"



HS/C/15/INF.7

"Towards a Housing Rights Strategy: Practical Contributions by UNCHS (Habitat) on Promoting, Ensuring and Protecting the Full Realization of the Human Right to Adequate Housing"




Partial Compilation of Standards

This compilation of standards on the rights to education, food, health and housing combines compilations developed by the Free Legal Assistance Group (Philippines),6 Provea (Venezuela),7 the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (Switzerland),8 and the Pan American Health Organization.9 The documents which are marked with an asterisk (*) can be found in Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments.


Right to Education



International Instruments


Universal Declaration of Human Rights*

Article 26

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights*

Article 13

Declaration on the Rights of the Child*

Principle 7

International Convention on the Rights of the Child*

Articles 28, 29

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination*

Article 5

Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination*

Article 8

Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women*

Articles 9, 10

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women*

Article 11

Declaration on Social Progress and Development*

Article 10




Right to Food


International Instruments


Universal Declaration of Human Rights*

Article 25.1

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights*

Article 11.2

Declaration on the Rights of the Child*

Principle 4

International Convention on the Rights of the Child*

Article 27.3

Declaration on the Right to Development*

Article 8

Declaration on Social Progress and Development*

Article 10

Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition*

Entire document

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict*

Paragraph 6


Right to Health


International Instruments


Universal Declaration of Human Rights*

Article 25.1

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights*

Article 12

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights*

Article 7

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women*

Article 12

Declaration on the Rights of the Child*

Principle 4

International Convention on the Rights of the Child*

Article 24

Declaration on the Right to Development*

Article 8

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination*

Articles 5, 11, 12

Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons*

Article 2

Declaration on Social Progress and Development*

Articles 10, 11

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict*

Paragraph 6

Right to Health, continued


Declaration of Alma-Ata, The International Conference on Primary Health Care, 1978 (World Health Organisation)

See entire document

Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 81)

See entire document

Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 97)

See entire document

Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 102)

See entire document

Maternity Protection Convention , 1952 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 103)

See entire document

Hygiene (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1964 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 120)

See entire document

Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 121)

See entire document

Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 130)

See entire document

Occupational Cancer Convention, 1974 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 139)

See entire document

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 169) and Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1957 (International Labour Organisation, Covention No. 107)

See entire document

Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 155)

See entire document







Regional Instruments


Americas

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

Article XI

Americas

American Convention on Human Rights

Article 26

Africa

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

Article 16




Right to Housing


International Instruments


Universal Declaration of Human Rights*

Article 25.1

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights *

Article 11

Declaration on the Rights of the Child*

Paragraph 4

International Convention on the Rights of the Child*

Article 27.3

Declaration on Social Progress and Development*

Part II, Article 10

Declaration on the Right to Development *

Article 8

Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination*

Article 3.1

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination*

Article 5

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women*

Article 14.2

International Convention relating to the Status of Refugees*

Article 21

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families*

Article 43.1.d

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid*

Article 2.b and d

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict*

Paragraph 6

Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice*

Article 9.2

Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons*

Article 9

Workers' Housing Recommendation, 1961 (International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 115)

Principle 2

Social Policy (Basic Aims and Standards) Convention, 1962 (International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 117)

Articles 2, 4.2, 5.2

Older Workers Recommendation, 1980 (International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 162)

Article 5.g

Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Articles 10, 11.c, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31

Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements

Section III.8; Chapter II.A.3

Right to Housing, continued



Regional Instruments


Europe

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

Article 8.1; Protocol 1, Article 1; Protocol 4.2.1

Europe

European Social Charter

Articles 16, 19, 31

Europe

European Social Charter Additional Protocol

Article 4

Europe

European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers

Article 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4

European Union

Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights


Article 29

Council for Security and Cooperation (CSC) in Europe

Final Act of Helsinki




CSC in Europe

Vienna Concluding Document


Principle 14

CSC in Europe

Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

Article 23

Americas

Charter of the Organization of American States

Article 31.k

Americas

American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man

Articles 8, 11, 23


Appendix C
Examples of Matrices Designed by the Caribbean Initiative on Equality and Non-Discrimination for the Development of National Laws and Policies




DEVELOPING A NATIONAL POLICY FOR CHILDREN10

within the Framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child


Themes:

Norms:


General
Principles
(Arts.1, 3, 6, 12)

Definition
of Child
(Art. 1)

Child
Abuse
(Arts.19, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39)

Juvenile Justice
(Art.40)

Civil Rights
(Arts. 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17)

Health

(Arts. 24, 26)

Education

(Arts. 28, 29, 31)

Disabili-ties
(Art.23)

Inter-national
Standards



















National Laws & Policies


















Actual Practice



















Gaps:
1-2
2-3
1-3

















Recom-mendations



















Refugee/Displaced Children/War: (Arts. 1, 3, 7, 8, 20, 21, 22) Deprived of Liberty (Art. 37)
Minority/Indigenous Children (Art.30)
Caribbean Initiative on Equality & Non-Discrimination February 1994


Provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child Related to...

EDUCATION/CULTURE (28/29/31)


Principles

Primary
Education

Secondary/
Vocational

Discipline

International Cooperation

Content

Recreation



Help developing countries:

Provisions in the Convention on the Rights of the Child related to...


HEALTH (articles 24, 26)


Principles (2, 4)

Standards (24)

Traditional
Practices

International
Cooperation

Social
Security (26)

Appendix D
Budget Analysis: DISHA's Experience11

Summary

India remains the world's largest democracy, whatever the shortcomings may be. Elections are important. Equally important is what happens between those elections. Budget development is one of the single most important of these events. Budgets control big resources, most of which are meant for the poor. By understanding and pro-actively influencing budgets, budget making, and the political economy behind it, DISHA, a representative organisation of unorganised tribal and forest workers, has opened a direction of making our democracy work, instead of complaining about it. In Gujarat, India, DISHA has re-claimed the budget from the political parties and administrators for the citizens who are mostly poor.

For the past three years DISHA has thoroughly reviewed the state budget on the same evening that it is presented in the assembly, across sectors, schemes, departments, past allocations and current demands, in DISHA's small but fully informed computerised budget unit. The findings are first shared with all the elected members of the assembly the day before each demand comes up for debate. Later findings are shared with the press and public at large. Such budget briefs, reviews, news flashes, leaflets, and other documents are disseminated among the decision makers as well as the general public, mostly poor, by combining the ideas in the said documents with the direct or collective action of organising the poor.

What is the impact? The nature and extent of debate on budget demands has improved in favour of the poor. The monopoly of budget-making caused carelessness. Now, numerical mistakes in the budget document have been reduced. The methods of making a budget are de-mystified; there is a sense among citizens and NGOs that "this is our budget and we have a say in it"; local demands are pressed before, during, and after the budget is debated; and collective actions and policy-influencing in favour of the poor is more concrete, measurable, focused, well-argued with numbers, and "actionable". The budget is reclaimed to the public domain beyond the budget session.

Budget analysis holds government, elected and appointed officials, accountable to the stated policies and party manifestoes in between the two elections. DISHA's experience shows that budget analysis: has immediate and measurable impact on the lives of the people, the poor; starts changing the power relations between the different sections of democracy (and the economy); and concretely creates a long-term vision for a pro-poor society. Public money allocated for the poor is too precious to be left to the government.


Experience in Brief

Over the past four years in general and two years in particular, DISHA has started classifying, analysing and disseminating State budget-related information. This included:

The exercise not only helped in understanding the budget, but also the apparatus of the government in concrete terms. The exercise was also intended to measure, in money terms, how serious the government is in its stated intentions to remove poverty.

There was also an intention to break the myth of special intellectual powers needed to analyse the budget. How to demystify the budgeting exercise for the NGOs, the mass, the political party, workers, and the poor people's institutions? That was one of the main stated objectives of DISHA in initiating the exercise.

A possibility was seen, and is now being realised, to pass on the newly gained skills and experience of budget analysis to at least one NGO in each State [in India] in order for them to analyse their respective State budgets.

How is budget analysis set into the objectives of DISHA? DISHA defines development as that which changes the power relationships in a society in favour of the poor. Budget analysis does that. Budget analysis helps the poor gain access to the power of public ideas that lead to the power to influence the allocation of public resources intended for development. To DISHA development is that activity which influences the allocation of resources in favour of the poor. The budget analysis activity does this directly in a measurable and ongoing way.

The following is a brief account of DISHA's experience with the process of:

  1. Learning budget analysis;
  2. Making the pool of information public; and,
  3. Influencing the political and non-political climate as well as the decision makers in Gujarat


DISHA has been trying since 1992 to get involved in studying the state budget but could not do so because it was not able to get the budget publication of all the departments of Government of Gujarat. The documents remained inaccessible to its real owners, the public, and its real beneficiary, the poor.

During 1993 DISHA received the budgets of all the departments after much struggle with the political and administrative wings of Government of Gujarat. It was the first experience of analysing the budget. Thinking on the formal analysis, the classification of expenditure by major and minor heads, getting acquainted with the budget figures, the study of the new allocation items, and visualizing a development scenario through the budget allocations were prime concerns in reviewing the data received. However, within three months DISHA was able to classify the data of major departments of the state and feed it into a computerised system.

The exercise of budget analysis was felt by DISHA to be highly cumbersome since it was totally new and it required patiently sitting and studying the data, its interpretation, collection of other relevant information to be coordinated with it, and building an argument in favour of the poor.

For the first time, as a starting point, DISHA studied the State budget of Gujarat with the focus on:

  1. Income and expenditure, and
  2. Allocation of funds made by various departments on various schemes and programmes affecting the tribals and other poor sections of the State.

The two items were selected because they were thought to be both relatively easy to start with and useful to DISHA in its immediate work related to the forest department.

Every department of the State spends money in tribal areas. But tribal areas remain backward, the tribals remain poor. So DISHA was forced to study the allocations of all the departments and make comparisons between the expenditures in tribal and non-tribal areas. This gave DISHA an opportunity to get to know the whole expenditure pattern of the State on various:

  1. Projects,
  2. Schemes,
  3. Payments of interest, and
  4. Development and non-development expenditures as a whole.

If above was the vocabulary for budgeting, the grammar for budgeting was learned by studying in detail:

  1. The process of preparation of the state budget and definitions of various terms used in the budget, and
  2. Figures of allocations and their implications on various schemes meant for poor people of the state.


But budgeting is boring, and more so for the politicians. The questions remained of how to give budget analysis a political meaning without taking sides with any party and whether or not the budget promises of the Finance Minister are reflected in actual allocation of funds in the budget. DISHA prepared a note on this point and circulated it to all Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) before the debate. MLAs used it in their introductory remarks on discussion on the budget speech of the Finance Minister and subsequently during the general discussion on the budget. The note was carefully crafted to attract interest from the ruling and opposition parties.

Leaders of the Opposition each time conveyed interest in meeting DISHA before the budget session. The purpose was to get a handle on the budget information.

However, this created a dilemma:

  1. Whether to provide the budget analysis information to the MLAs only or to the other people who are concerned with the development of the state?
  2. Whether to distribute the budget analysis write-up to the members of all parties, or to the opposition party?
  3. Whether to put only facts in the write-up or also the interpretation of the facts and figures?

It was decided after consultations with the DISHA team and others:

The subsequent feedback by a number of MLAs confirmed that these decisions were correct. It established credibility, built wider support across party lines, and sustained interest.

The first piece (of June, 1994) on the demands of the general administration department provided:

  1. General information about the department,
  2. The amounts demanded under various heads for approval,
  3. How the allocations for spending were made by the department,
  4. The percentage of increase or decrease on a particular head over the last four years,
  5. The excess committed in actual expenditure over the revised estimates of previous years,
  6. Examples of gross financial indiscipline,
  7. The calculation errors found in the totals under various heads,
  8. The demand for new items coming for the first time, and so on.


The note was received with much enthusiasm, and used widely in budget discussion. The ruling party was disturbed and called up DISHA. The administration decided to ignore the whole event. But this was not possible any more as DISHA had publicized the series.

Who should do Budget Analysis and Policy Priorities?

  1. (1) C0mp4R4t1V3 4N4LY515 W1tH 0tH3R 5t4t35, W1tH C3NtR4L 8UDG3t5 0R W1tH L0C4L G0V3RNM3Nt5 WH1CH H3Lp5 4LL14NC35 0F GR0Up5 5UCH 45 L480UR 0R tR184L5 WH0 H4V3 N0 G30GR4pH1C4L 80UND4R135; 4ND
  2. (11) CHR0N0L0G1C4L 4N4LY515, tH4t 15, H0W, 0V3R 4 p3R10D, tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt 15 tR34t1NG 4 C3Rt41N 4R34 0R C0MMUN1tY.

TH3R3 15 4N 4RGUM3Nt 1N F4V0UR 0F R35tR1Ct1NG 8UDG3t 4N4LY515, WH3N 0Ut51D3 tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt, t0 3C0N0M1C 4ND pU8L1C F1N4NC3 1N5t1tUt10N5 4ND UN1V3R51tY D3p4RtM3Nt5. EXC3pt F0R 4 53L3Ct3D F3W, N0N3 0F tH3 1N5t1tUt10N5 4R3 t4K3N 53R10U5LY 8Y tH3 4DM1N15tR4t10N 0R p0L1t1C14N5. TH3 R3534RCH 4G3ND45 0F 5UCH 1N5t1tUt10N5, 3XC3pt 50M3, 4R3 M05tLY GU1D3D 8Y R3534RCH FUND1NG, CURR3Nt D384t3, N3W tH30R135, 0R 1ND1V1DU4L 4M81t10N5. EV3N M05t 0F tH3 V3RY G00D W0RK 0F 5UCH 1N5t1tUt10N5 15 N0t D1553M1N4t3D 0R U53D. S0M3 tH0UGHt MU5t 83 G1V3N t0 H0W t0 84L4NC3 tH3 1NV35tM3Nt5 0F 3FF0Rt5 4ND R350URC35 1Nt0 M4K1NG 8UDG3t 4N4LY515 tH4t 15 G00D 4ND C4N 83 83tt3R 0R 8UDG3t 4N4LY515 tH4t 15 U53D 4ND M0R3 4CCUR4t3.


INt3RpR3t4t10N 4ND U53 0F D4t4

H0W t0 1Nt3RpR3t R4W D4t4, 0R tH3 4N4LY53D D4t4, H45 833N 0N3 0F tH3 M41N C0NC3RN5 F0R DISHA. TH3 C0NC3RN W45 R350LV3D 8Y DISHA K33p1NG 1N M1ND tH3 F0LL0W1NG GU1D3L1N35 WH1CH 4R3 U53FUL F0R FUtUR3 W0RK F0R 4NY NG0 D01NG 8UDG3t 4N4LY515.

U53 0F F1ND1NG5

A F41R 4M0UNt 0F t1M3 4ND MUlt1-L3V3L 3X3RC153 W45 D0N3 8Y DISHA t0 D3C1D3 H0W t0 U53 tH3 F1ND1NG5 0F tH3 8UDG3t 4N4LY515 W0RK. B453D 0N tH4t 4ND 0tH3R 3Xp3R13NC3 50M3 GU1D3L1N35 C4N 83 R3C0MM3ND3D.

H0W t0 SH4R3 F1ND1NG5

0N3 0F tH3 W4Y5 t0 D1553M1N4t3 D4t4 G3N3R4t3D FR0M tH3 4N4LY515, 0Ft3N DUR1NG tH3 8UDG3t 535510N, 15 8Y 5Upp0Rt1NG 0NG01NG pU8L1C4t10N 0F tH3 D4t4 1N R3F3R3NC3 t0 0tH3R 155U35 tH4t tH3 4N4LY51NG 0RG4N154t10N 15 1NV0LV3D 1N. TH3 3X4mpL35 0F 5UCH W0RK 8Y DISHA 1NCLUD3:

  1. "BUDG3t: AN INtR0DUCt10N" W45 pU8L15H3D 8Y DISHA 1N 0Ct083R 1994, JU5t 1N t1M3 83F0R3 tH3 8UDG3t 3X3RC153 5t4Rt5 1N tH3 5t4t3 M4CH1N3RY. TH3 pU8L1C4t10N 1NtR0DUC3D tH3 C0MM0N R34D3R t0:

TH15 15 4 U53FUL, H4ND5-0N, 4ND 5t3p-8Y-5t3p pU8L1C4t10N 0F H0W t0 G3t 4 H4NDL3 0N 8UDG3t. S1M1L4R M4NU4L5, GU1D3L1N35, 4ND 1NF0RM4t10N 5H33t5 C4N 83 M4D3 4V41L48L3 45 4N 1NtR0DUCt10N t0 5H4R1NG tH3 F1ND1NG5 0F 8UDG3t 4N4LY515.

  1. DUR1NG 1994-1995 4ND 1995-1996 8UDG3t 535510N5, DISHA t00K 8R13F, t0-tH3-p01Nt, F4CtU4L, 4ND 5tR4t3G1C N0t35. TH3 N0t35 W3R3 0N tH3 1995-1996 8UDG3t pR353Nt3D 1N tH3 A553M8LY F0R D15CU5510N. TH3 N0t35 W3R3 4 p4Rt 0F M455 3DUC4t10N 0F V0t3R5 0N tH3 8UDG3t. M0R3 1mp0Rt4NtLY, tH3Y pR0V1D3D 4 U53FUL t00L t0 tH3 0pp051t10N, 4ND 3V3N tH3 RUL1NG MLA5, t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3 1N tH3 D15CU5510N. T0 R3V13W tH3 8UDG3t, 4N4LY53 D4t4, GR0Up tH3 155U35, 3NL15t pR10R1t135, 4ND 5tR4t3G1Z3 0N tH3 H1GHL1GHt5 4 D4Y 83F0R3 tH3 4CtU4L 5L4t3D D15CU5510N 1N tH3 F0RM 0F 4 pR1Nt3D 8R13F 15 N0 5M4LL 4CH13V3M3Nt 0F DISHA. It 1NCLUD3D 8R13F5 0N tH3 D3M4ND5 0F 22 D1FF3R3Nt D3p4RtM3Nt5. SUCH 8UDG3t 8R13F5 4R3 4N0tH3R W4Y 0F 5H4R1NG tH3 F1ND1NG5.

  2. D1553M1N4t10N 0F tH3 1NF0RM4t10N G41N3D 4ND F1ND1NG5 4RR1V3D 4t FR0M tH3 4N4LY515 15 N0t R35tR1Ct3D t0 tH3 3DUC4t3D UR84N CL455, 8Ut H45 833N D1553M1N4t3D t0 tH3 pU8L1C 4t L4RG3 tHR0UGH N3Wsp4p3R5 4ND M4G4Z1N35 4ND 4L50 tHR0UGH 8R0CHUR35 4ND 0N3-p4G3 F4Ct 5H33t5 WR1tt3N 1N R34D48L3 GUJ4R4t1 4ND C1RCUL4t3D t0 tH3 tR184L 4R34 5CH00L5 4ND V1LL4G35 WH3R3 DISHA W0RK5 1N GUJ4R4t. IN tH3 F4Ct5H33t5, C0mp4R150N W1tH tH3 5t4t3D 08J3Ct1V35 0F tH3 P4RtY M4N1F35t0 4ND tH3 4CtU4L 4LL0C4t10N 15 H1GHL1GHt3D. TH3 pURp053 15 t0 8U1LD pR355UR3 0N tH3 L0C4L 3L3Ct3D R3pR353Nt4t1V3. TH3 F4Ct5H33t5 1NCLUD3D 0N3 0N R3G10N4L D1sp4R1t135 83tW33N tH3 tR184L 345t3RN H1LLY 83lt 4ND tH3 R35t 0F tH3 5t4t3, 4ND 5H0RtC0M1NG5 0F tH3 TR184L SU8-PL4N. A V3RY sp3C1F1C D0CUM3Nt 5UCH 45 tH353 F4Ct5H33t5 15 0N3 M0R3 W4Y 0F 5H4R1NG tH3 F1ND1NG5.



  3. "F0R35tRY: ADD1t10N 0F INDU5tRY &4mp; SU85tR4Ct10N 0F P30pL3" W45 pU8L15H3D 1N AUGU5t 1995 8Y DISHA t0 H1GHL1GHt 1t5 F1ND1NG5 0N tH3 F0R35tRY D3p4RtM3Nt'5 8UDG3t. TH15 15 4N 3X4mpL3 0F tH3 U53 0F D4t4 0R 1NF0RM4t10N G41N3D FR0M 8UDG3t 4N4LY515 t0 5Upp0Rt 0R M0D1FY 0R 1NFLU3NC3 F0R35tRY p0L1CY 0F GUJ4R4t.

  4. "JRY: H0LL0W CL41M5" W45 pU8L15H3D 1N JUN3 1995 8Y DISHA. It 15 4 G00D 3X4mpL3 0F t4K1NG Up 4N4LY515 0F 0N3 0F tH3 M05t 1mp0Rt4Nt RUR4L D3V3L0pM3Nt 5CH3M35 0F tH3 8UDG3t WH3R3 tH3 C3NtR3 4ND St4t3 80tH 4R3 C0MM1tt3D t0 R34CH 4 L4RG3 NUM83R 0F RUR4L 83N3F1C14R135 WH0 4R3 4L50 V0t3R5. TH3 D0CUM3Nt 3V4LU4t35 tH3 F1ND1NG5 1N tH3 L1GHt 0F tH3 D4t4 0F 8UDG3t, 4CtU4L 4LL0C4t10N5, t0t4L W0RKD4Y5 G3N3R4t3D, UNsp3Nt 4M0UNt5, D1spR0p0Rt10N4t3LY H1GH C05t 0F 4DM1N15tR4t10N 4ND 54L4RY, 4ND p3R H0U53H0LD 4V3R4G3 1NC0M3 WH1CH 15 1NC1D3Nt4LLY L355 tH4N 0N3 RUp33 p3R D4Y. AN4LY51NG 5CH3M35 tH4t R34CH 4 L4RG3 NUM83R 0F p0pUL4t10N5 D1R3CtLY 15 4N0tH3R G00D W4Y t0 U53 F1ND1NG5.

  5. "W3LF4R3 0F P00R 1N tH3 M4Z3 0F NUM83R5" W45 pU8L15H3D 1N M4RCH 1995 WH1CH 15 4N 3X4mpL3 0F D3p4RtM3Nt4L 1N-D3ptH 4N4LY515 0F GUJ4R4t'5 S0C14L W3LF4R3 4ND TR184L D3V3L0pM3Nt D3p4RtM3Nt'5 8UDG3t 45 p4Rt 0F tH3 t0t4L 8UDG3t. H3R3, G01NG 83Y0ND tH3 4LL0C4t10N5, p3R-H34D 1NCR3453 1N tH3 54L4RY 0F tH3 5t4FF, pR10R1t135, p3RF0RM4NC3 0F V4R10U5 W3LF4R3 804RD5 4ND C0Rp0R4t10N5, 4ND 4LL0C4t10N pR10R1t135 4R3 3V4LU4t3D. SH4R1NG F1ND1NG5 W1tH tH3 D154DV4Nt4G3D GR0Up5 480Ut tH3 D3p4RtM3Nt tH4t D34L5 W1tH tH31R W3LF4R3 15 4N0tH3R 3FF3Ct1V3 W4Y 0F U51NG D4t4.

  6. D4t4 G3N3R4t3D 8Y tH3 8UDG3t 4N4LY515 15 4 U53FUL 4ND 3FF3Ct1V3 t00L t0 M4K3 CH4Rt3R5 0F D3M4ND5 5U8M1tt3D tHR0UGH C0LL3Ct1V3 4Ct10N M0R3 "W3LL 4RGU3D" 4ND "4Ct10N48L3". "TH15 15 1NJU5t1C3, 4ND N0tH1NG 8Ut 1NJU5t1C3" W45 pU8L15H3D 45 4 CH4Rt3R 0F D3M4ND5 4t 4 R4LLY 0F 4N 35t1M4t3D 10,000 tR184L5 0N G4NDH1 J4Y4Nt1 D4Y 4ND W45 5U8M1tt3D t0 tH3 C0LL3Ct0R 1N P4NCH M4H4L5. A1D3D W1tH M4p5 4ND GR4pH5, tH3 CH4Rt3R M4K35 4N 3FF3Ct1V3 D3M4ND F0R 1NCR3453 1N TR184L SU8-PL4N 4LL0C4t10N5 0N 4CC355 t0 N4tUR4L R350URC35: L4ND, W4t3R, 4ND F0R35t 8Y tR184L5.

  7. 0NC3 tH353 8UDG3t 4N4LY515 D0CUM3Nt5 4R3 0Ut, tH3Y C4N 4LW4Y5 83 UpD4t3D 4ND 83 5Upp0Rt3D 8Y 4 53QU3L, 4 F0LL0W-Up N3W pU8L1C4t10N, 0R P4Rt II 0F tH3 54G4. "INJU5t1C3 t0 TR184L 4R34 C0Nt1NU35 1N N3W BUDG3t" WH1CH W45 pU8L15H3D 4Ft3R tH3 1994-1995 8UDG3t, M41NLY CR1t1C153D, 4G41N, tH3 TR184L SU8-PL4N 4ND tH3 0tH3R R3L4t3D 4LL0C4t10N5. SUCH 4 D0CUM3Nt 35t48L15H3D 4 TR4CK R3C0RD 0F tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt.

  8. WH1L3 0WN3R5H1p 4ND 4CC355 t0 L4ND 8Y tR184L5 C0Nt1NU35 t0 83 D15CU553D 4M0NG tH3 R3534RCH C1RCL35, DISHA pU8L15H3D 4 W4t3R 53Ct0R 4N4LY515 0F tH3 8UDG3t W1tH F0CU5 0N tR184L5. TH3 8UDG3t D4t4, L0C4L F13LD KN0WL3DG3, 4ND 1N51GHt5 FR0M tH3 0RG4N151NG W0RK 8Y DISHA CR34t3D tH15 3XC3LL3Nt D0CUM3Nt tH4t 4RGU35 W1tH F4Ct5 4ND NUM83R5 tH4t 0V3R tH3 Y34R5, 1N 5UCC3551V3 8UDG3t5 4ND p0L1C135, 1GN0R3D tR184L5' 4CC355 t0 4ND 0WN3R5H1p 0F W4t3R. IN tH3 3ND 1t 4L50 3NL15t5 tH3 p05518L3 14 5t3p5, 50M3WH4t 83Y0ND tH3 4N4LY53D D4t4, F0R p0L1CY M4K3R5 4ND 4DV0C4t35 0F tR184L5' R1GHt5 t0 4Ct 0N.

  9. EDUC4t10N, 4 G4t3W4Y 0Ut 0F p0V3RtY, R3M41N5 4 D4Y-DR34M 1N tR184L 4R345 WH1CH W45 W3LL D0CUM3Nt3D 45 4 p0L1CY 1NFLU3NC1NG t00L 8Y DISHA 8Y pU8L15H1NG "INJU5t1C3 D0N3 8Y tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt 1N EDUC4t10N t0 tH3 E45t3RN TR184L B3lt". SUCH 83tW33N-tH3-8UDG3t D0CUM3Nt5 K33p tH3 1Nt3R35t 0F tH3 pU8L1C 4ND tH3 4DM1N15tR4t10N'5 C4Ut10N 4L1V3.

TH3 480V3 4R3 50M3 0F tH3 V3RY 3FF3Ct1V3 W4Y5 0F 5H4R1NG 4N4LY53D D4t4. TH3R3 4R3 0tH3R p055181L1t135: 4DV3Rt153M3Nt5 1N tH3 N3Wsp4p3R, 4ND 4UD10-V15U4L 4NN0UNC3M3Nt5, pU8L1C M33t1NG5 1N 3DUC4t10N 4ND 4C4D3M1C 1N5t1tUt10N5, 4ND 1Nt3R-5t4t3 L3CtUR3 V151t5. R3G10N4L 53M1N4R5 t0 5H4R3 tH3 F1ND1NG5 W1tH NG05 0R M4K1NG 8451C D4t4 4V41L48L3 t0 R3534RCH GR0Up5 4R3 4DD1t10N4L M3tH0D5 0F 5H4R1NG tH3 D4t4.

C0mp4R4t1V3 BUDG3t AN4LY515

WH1L3 tH3 4N4LY515 1t53LF 15 4D3QU4t3 t0 4CH13V3 1MM3D14t3 G41N5, 8UDG3t5 C4N 4L50 83 4N4LY53D 1N C0mp4R150N. DISHA H45 D0N3 50, tH0UGH 1N 4 L1M1t3D, 8Ut 5tR4t3G1C M4NN3R. A R3V13W 0F 1t5 3FF0Rt5, 4ND D15CU5510N W1tH tH053 WH0 83N3F1t3D, 5H0W tH3 F0LL0W1NG U53FUL C0mp4R150N5:

IN 4DD1t10N, 1t 15 4L50 p05518L3 t0 C0mp4R3 tH3 F1ND1NG5 W1tH 5U8-5t4t35, tH4t 15 D15tR1Ct t0 T4LUK4 t0 V1LL4G3-L3V3L 8UDG3t5 0R 8UDG3t5 0F N4G4Rp4L1K45. TH3 M41N pURp053 F0R tH15 C0ULD 83 t0 F1ND tH3 FL0W 0F FUND5 0R C00RD1N4t10N 0F 8UDG3t5.

App3ND1X E
PR0V34 4ND tH3 C453 0F EL H0RN1t0

(D15CU5510N W1tH L1G14 B0L&14CUt3;V4R, F38RU4RY 27, 1996)

EL H0RN1t0 15 4 200-Y34R-0LD, 5M4LL t0WN 0N tH3 W35t3RN C045t 0F V3N3ZU3L4. It H4D 4 p0pUL4t10N 0F 1,500 F4M1L135, tH0UGH tH15 F1GUR3 H45 CH4NG3D tHR0UGH0Ut tH3 3N5U1NG 5t0RY. TH3 t0WN 15 0N 4 L4K3, 4ND H45 5Upp0Rt3D 1t53LF tHR0UGH F4RM1NG 4ND F15H1NG. M4NY 0F tH3 t0WN'5 CR0p5 4R3 FRU1t tR335 0F V4R10U5 50Rt5.

TH3 N4t10N4L 01L C0mp4NY 8U1lt 4 p3tR0-CH3M1C4L pL4Nt 4ppR0X1M4t3LY 500 M3t3R5 0Ut51D3 0F tH3 t0WN. TH3 pR0X1M1tY 0F tH3 pL4Nt H45 833N V3RY pR08L3M4t1C. TH3R3 H4V3 833N 3XpL0510N5 WH1CH H4V3 sp3W3D p3tR0-CH3M1C4L5 1Nt0 tH3 41R 4ND C4U53D D4M4G3 W1tH1N tH3 t0WN. F4M1L135 H4V3 C0mpL41N3D 0F 4 R153 1N 81RtH D3F3Ct5 4ND 0tH3R H34ltH pR08L3M5 45 W3LL 45 4 D3CR3453 1N tH3 FRU1t pR0DUCt10N 0F tH31R CR0p5 51NC3 tH3 pL4Nt W45 8U1lt.

P30pL3 541D tH4t tH3Y W3R3 W1LL1NG t0 L34V3 tH3 t0WN, 8Ut tH3Y W4Nt3D C0mp3N54t10N FR0M tH3 01L C0mp4NY. TH3 C0mp4NY N33D3D t0 4CKN0WL3DG3 tH4t tH3 pL4Nt H4D C4U53D H4RM t0 tH3 C0MMUN1tY. PR0V34 83G4N t0 W0RK W1tH EL H0RN1t0 1N 1990.

PR0V34 F0UND QU1CKLY tH4t tH3R3 W45 4L50 4N 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 4sp3Ct t0 tH3 C453. TH3R3 W3R3 pR08L3M5 W1tH C0Nt4M1N4t10N 0F tH3 501L, 4ND 4 D3CR3453 1N tH3 NUM83R 0F F15H 1N tH3 L4K3. 0N3 0F tH3 pR0DUCt5 0F tH3 p3tR0CH3M1C4L pL4Nt 15 F3Rt1L1Z3R. THR0UGH 3M15510N5 4ND 3XpL0510N5, F3Rt1L1Z3R C0mp0N3Nt5 H4V3 833N R3L3453D 1Nt0 tH3 4tM0spH3R3. 0N3 R35Ult H45 833N tH4t tH3 tR335 4R3 834Ut1FUL 4ND GR33N, 8Ut D0N't pR0DUC3 MUCH FRU1t.

TH3 C453

AltH0UGH PR0V34 1N1t14LLY tH0UGHt tH4t tH3 C453 W0ULD 83 4RGU3D W1tH1N 4 R1GHt t0 H34ltH FR4M3W0RK, tH3Y QU1CKLY R34L1Z3D tH4t tH3 C453 W0ULD 83 5tR0NG3R 1F tH3Y U53D tH3 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 4ppR04CH, 51NC3 tH3R3 15 CR1M1N4L 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L L4W 1N V3N3ZU3L4. TH3Y D3C1D3D t0 8U1LD tH3 H34ltH 4RGUM3Nt 1Nt0 tH3 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L C453.

TH3 QU35t10N 0F L1NK1NG tH3 C0MMUN1tY H34ltH 4ND 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L pR08L3M5 t0 tH3 L0C4t10N 4ND pR4Ct1C35 0F tH3 p3tR0CH3M1C4L pL4Nt H45 pR0V3D CH4LL3NG1NG. IN tH3 p45t, tH3 01L C0mp4N135 H4D C0MM15510N3D 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 4ND H34ltH 5tUD135 1N tH3 4R34. TH3 R35Ult5 0F tH3 5tUD135 H4D 4LW4Y5 833N p051t1V3. It W45 4L50 tH3 C453 tH4t tH3 5tUD135 W3R3 C0NDUCt3D tHR0UGH UN1V3R51t135 WH3R3 tH3 R3534RCH M0N3Y W45 C0M1NG FR0M tH3 C0mp4N135. TH3 R35Ult5 0F tH353 5tUD135 H4D 833N 1NC0NCLU51V3 1N R3G4RD t0 81RtH D3F3Ct5, F0R 1N5t4NC3, p051NG tH3 QU35t10N 0F WH3tH3R tH3 H1GH 1NC1D3NC3 0F 81RtH D3F3Ct5 W45 4CtU4LLY DU3 t0 1Nt3RM4RRY1NG.


TH3 JUDG3 WH0 pR351D35 0V3R tH3 C453 15 V3RY 0p3N t0 4ND 1Nt3R35t3D 1N HUM4N R1GHt5. H0W3V3R, 83C4U53 tH3 01L C0mp4NY C0N51D3R5 tH4t H15 4ppR04CH t0 tH3 C453 15 N0t F4V0R48L3 t0 1t, H3 15 V3RY VULN3R48L3. TH3 01L C0mp4NY G3N3R4LLY H45 4 G00D 1M4G3 1N tH3 C0UNtRY, 45 1NV35t1NG 1N C0MMUN1tY 4ND 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L pR0J3Ct5 45 W3LL 45 5Upp0Rt1NG 50C14L pR0GR4M5. TH3Y pUt C0N51D3R48L3 R350URC35 1Nt0 UpH0LD1NG tH31R 1M4G3, 4ND tH3 C0M81N4t10N 0F tH3 C0mp4NY'5 p0W3R 4ND tH3 G3N3R4LLY p051t1V3 pU8L1C 0p1N10N M4K35 tH3 JUDG3'5 p051t10N t3NU0U5.

TH3 L4WY3R FR0M tH3 Att0RN3Y G3N3R4L'5 0FF1C3 WH0 1N1t14LLY 1NV35t1G4t3D tH3 C453 H4D 4 G00D 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L R3C0RD 4ND W45 4 F0RM3R N4t10N4L GU4RD5M4N W1tH 4 53LF-1M4G3 45 831NG 1NC0RRUpt18L3 (1.3. N0t W1LL1NG t0 83ND t0 4NY pR355UR3 WH1CH M1GHt C0M3 FR0M tH3 01L C0mp4NY). H3 5Ub53QU3NtLY (4Ft3R tH3 0p3N1NG 0F tH3 C453) W45 4551GN3D t0 tH3 M1N15tRY 0F ENV1R0NM3Nt; tH3 4R34 H3 5Up3RV1535 1NCLUD35 EL H0RN1t0. H3 4L50 H45 833N 4551GN3D 45 4 C0N5Ult4Nt t0 tH3 ENV1R0NM3Nt4L C0MM1tt33 0F tH3 S3N4t3.

DUR1NG tH3 p3R10D tH4t tH3 C453 W45 831NG F1L3D (1993/94), tH3R3 W45 4N 3XpL0510N 4t tH3 pL4Nt. A5 4 R35Ult 0F tH3 3XpL0510N, 4 HUG3, tH1CK CL0UD HUNG 0V3R tH3 t0WN, M4K1NG 1t 1mp05518L3 t0 533 tH3 5UN. TH15 p3R5U4D3D tH3 JUDG3 t0 1N1t14t3 tH3 CR1M1N4L C453.

B3C4U53 tH3 JUDG3 H4D t0 pR0V3 tH3 C453 W0RtHY, H3 R3QU35t3D 4 NUM83R 0F t35t5 0N tH3 H34ltH 4ND 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 1mp4Ct 0F tH3 pL4Nt. H0W3V3R, DU3 t0 C0NFL1Ct1NG R35Ult5 4ND tH3 81453D N4tUR3 0F tH3 R3534RCH3R5, PR0V34 R3QU35t3D tH4t tH3 JUDG3 4pp01Nt 4N 1ND3p3ND3Nt t34M t0 C0NDUCt 4 C0mpR3H3N51V3 t35t. TH3 JUDG3 5t4Rt3D t0 W0RK W1tH tH3 C3Nt3R F0R JU5t1C3 4ND INt3RN4t10N4L L4W (CEJIL) 4t tH15 p01Nt; CEJIL 45K3D PHY51C14N5 F0R HUM4N R1GHt5 t0 53ND 4 M15510N 0F 3Xp3Rt5. IN 1995 tH3 0FF1C14L t34M 0F 3Xp3Rt5 UND3Rt00K 4 2-3 W33K 5tUDY 0F tH3 4R34.

SUb53QU3NtLY, tH3R3 W45 4N0tH3R 3XpL0510N, F0LL0W1NG WH1CH tH3 JUDG3 155U3D 4RR35t W4RR4Nt5 F0R tW0 t0p M4N4G3R5 0F tH3 pL4Nt. WH1L3 tH3Y H4V3 833N 0Ut 0N 841L, tH3Y H4V3 H4D t0 45K tH3 JUDG3 F0R p3RM15510N t0 tR4V3L, WH1CH tH3Y N33D t0 D0 F0R W0RK. TH15 H45 pUt 50M3 pR355UR3 0N tH3 C0mp4NY.

R3L0C4t10N 0F tH3 C0MMUN1tY

WH1L3 tH3 C453 H45 833N p3ND1NG, tH3 PR351D3Nt 0F V3N3ZU3L4 D3C1D3D t0 1NV0K3 4 N4t10N4L 53CUR1tY R3GUL4t10N WH1CH H45 R35Ult3D 1N tH3 R3L0C4t10N 0F tH3 t0WN. TH3 01L 1NDU5tRY 15 8Y L4W 4 "5tR4t3G1C 1NDU5tRY". TH3 N4t10N4L S3CUR1tY L4W5 5t4t3 tH4t tH3R3 15 4 53CUR1tY 83lt 4R0UND 4LL 5tR4t3G1C 1NDU5tR135, 4ND N0 0N3 15 4LL0W3D t0 L1V3 W1tH1N tH3 53CUR1tY 83lt. S1NC3 EL H0RN1t0 15 50 CL053 t0 tH3 pL4Nt, tH3 PR351D3Nt W45 48L3 t0 L4WFULLY 155U3 4N 3XpR0pR14t10N D3CR33 F0RC1NG tH3 t0WN 4ND 1t5 p30pL3 t0 M0V3 t0 4N 4lt3RN4t1V3 51t3.

TH3 01L C0mp4NY H4D t0 C0M3 Up W1tH C0mp3N54t10N. It C0MM15510N3D 4RCH1t3Ct5 t0 D351GN 4 N3W t0WN. TH3 H0U535 tH3M53LV35 4R3 V3RY pR3ttY, 8Ut tH3R3 4R3 M4NY pR08L3M5 W1tH tH3 D351GN 4ND L4Y0Ut 0F tH3 t0WN. TH353 D1FF1CUlt135 H4V3 4DD3D 4 "R1GHt t0 H0U51NG" C0mp0N3Nt t0 tH3 C453, 45 tH3 H0M35 4ND V1LL4G3 W3R3 N0t 5U1t3D t0 tH3 CUltUR3 0F tH3 t0WN. S0M3 0F tH3 pR08L3M5 W3R3:


EV3N tH0UGH tH3 t0WN H4D N0 CH01C3 8Ut t0 M0V3, tH3 t0WN'5 p30pL3 1N515t tH4t tH3 01L C0mp4NY MU5t R3C0GN1Z3 tH3 D4M4G3 tH4t 1t H45 WR34K3D 0N tH31R H34ltH 4ND tH3 3NV1R0NM3Nt.

TH3Y 4R3 4L50 533K1NG C0mp3N54t10N F0R tH3 L055 1N pR0DUCt1V1tY 0F tH31R CR0p5 DU3 t0 tH3 D1spL4C3M3Nt. FRU1t tR335 t4K3 480Ut 5-10 Y34R5 FR0M tH3 t1M3 tH3Y 4R3 pL4Nt3D UNt1L tH3Y 834R FRU1t.

INt3RN4t10N4L PR355UR3

W1tH tH3 C00p3R4t10N 0F C0HRE/HIC, PR0V34 5U8M1tt3D 4 C0mpL41Nt t0 tH3 SU8-C0MM15510N F0R tH3 PR3V3Nt10N 0F D15CR1M1N4t10N 4ND PR0t3Ct10N 0F M1N0R1t135. PR10R t0 tH15, PR0V34 H4D 833N R3QU35t1NG 1Nt3RV13W5 W1tH tH3 PR351D3Nt, R3L3V4Nt G0V3RNM3Nt M1N15tR135 4ND tH3 01L C0mp4NY. TH3 R3QU35t5 H4D 4LW4Y5 833N 1GN0R3D 0R, 1F 4 M33t1NG W45 GR4Nt3D, 1t W45 W1tH 4 V3RY JUN10R 0FF1C14L. F0LL0W1NG tH3 5U8M15510N, PR0V34 W45 1NF0RM3D tH4t tH3 M1N15t3R 0F M1N1NG W4Nt3D t0 H4V3 4 M33t1NG. WH3N tH3 PR0V34 D3L3G4t10N 4RR1V3D, tH3Y F0UND tH3 M1N15t3R 0F M1N1NG, tHR33 0F H15 M05t 1mp0Rt4Nt D1R3Ct0R5, tH3 PR351D3Nt 0F P3tR &04CUt3;L305 D3 V3N3ZU3L4 (tH3 UM8R3LL4 4G3NCY 0F tH3 V3N3ZU3L4N 01L C0mp4N135) 4ND 0N3 0F H15 D1R3Ct0R5. ALL 53V3N 0FF1C14L5 4t tH3 M33t1NG W3R3 t0p-R4NK1NG. PR0V34 4ND R3pR353Nt4t1V35 0F EL H0RN1t0 W3R3 5H0CK3D.

TH3 PR351D3Nt 0F P3tR&04CUt3;L305 D3 V3N3ZU3L4 R4tH3R 34RLY 1Nt0 tH3 M33t1NG 541D, "WHY D1D Y0U H4V3 t0 t4K3 tH15 C453 0Ut51D3 0F tH3 C0UNtRY?" TH15 QU35t10N M4D3 1t CL34R tH4t tH3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L 3Xp05UR3 CR34t3D 8Y tH3 UN SU8M15510N W45 3M84RR4551NG t0 tH3 01L C0mp4NY. PR0V34'5 R3sp0N53 W45 tH4t tH3Y H4D 833N tRY1NG F0R F0UR Y34R5 t0 H4V3 4 D14L0GU3. TH3Y 3XpL41N3D tH4t tH3 t0WN'5 p30pL3 W3R3 W0RR13D tH4t N0W tH4t tH3Y W3R3 831NG M0V3D, tH3 D4M4G35 D0N3 t0 tH3M W0ULD N0t 83 4CKN0WL3DG3D. FURtH3RM0R3, PR0V34 3XpL41N3D tH4t tH3 01L C0mp4NY H45 tH3 p0W3R 4ND 481L1tY t0 8UY FULL-p4G3 4D5 1N tH3 pR355 (L0C4L, R3G10N4L, N4t10N4L) t0 H3Lp CR34t3 pU8L1C 0p1N10N. (IN F4Ct, p30pL3 1N 0tH3R p4Rt5 0F tH3 C0UNtRY D1DN't UND3R5t4ND WHY tH3 p30pL3 0F EL H0RN1t0 W3R3 C0mpL41N1NG, G1V3N tH3 834Ut1FUL N3W H0M35 tH3Y W3R3 G1V3N.) PR0V34 1N515t3D tH4t tH3Y W0ULD C0Nt1NU3 t0 U53 1Nt3RN4t10N4L R3M3D135 4ND pR355UR3 UNL355 tH3 C0mp4NY C3453D 1t5 M3D14 C4mp41GN 4ND t4LK3D 53R10U5LY W1tH tH3 t0WN C0mpL41N4Nt5.

N3G0t14t10N5

A sp3C14L N3G0t14t0R H45 833N 4pp01Nt3D t0 0V3R533 tH3 M0V3M3Nt 0F tH3 t0WN. PR0V34'5 pR1NC1pL3 15 tH4t tH3 01L C0mp4NY H45 t0 3XCH4NG3 H0U53 F0R H0U53. IN 4DD1t10N, 1t N33D5 t0 C0mp3N54t3 tH3 t0WN'5 p30pL3 F0R tH3 t1M3 1t W1LL t4K3 F0R tH3 FRU1t tR335 t0 t4K3 H0LD 4ND pR0DUC3. TH15 C0mp3N54t10N 5H0ULD 83 80tH M0N3Y F0R N3W tR335 4ND 5H0Rt-t3RM pR0DUCt10N pR0J3Ct5 1N tH3 1Nt3R1M. TH3 QU35t10N 0F tH3 CR0p5 H45 833N V3RY D1FF1CUlt t0 N3G0t14t3. TH3 01L C0mp4NY R3QU35t3D 4 C05t 3V4LU4t10N. It W45 D0N3 8Y tH3 M4Y0R 0F tH3 t0WN. TH3 01L C0mp4NY D1DN't L1K3 tH3 35t1M4t3 4ND 50 45K3D F0R 4 53C0ND 3V4LU4t10N. TH3 53C0ND 3V4LU4t10N W45 H1GH3R tH4N tH3 F1R5t.

A C0mpL1C4t1NG F4Ct0R 15 tH4t tH3 01L C0mp4NY 5t4Rt3D 1ND1V1DU4L N3G0t14t10N5 W1tH R351D3Nt5. A5 500N 45 50M30N3 M0V3D 0Ut 0F tH3 0LD t0WN, tH3 C0mp4NY H4D tH3 H0U53 D35tR0Y3D 50 1N M05t C4535 tH3 H0U53-F0R-H0U53 C0mp4R150N 15 1mp05518L3. T0 H3Lp D34L W1tH tH15 pR08L3M, PR0V34 45K3D p30pL3 t0 t4K3 p1CtUR35 0F tH31R H0M35.

BY D3C3M83R 22, 1995, tH3 3Nt1R3 t0WN W45 M0V3D. TH3 L45t tH1NG t0 83 M0V3D W45 tH3 5t4tU3 0F tH3 t0WN 541Nt. TH3 R351D3Nt5 0F EL H0RN1t0 H3LD 4 834Ut1FUL pR0C35510N FR0M tH3 0LD t0WN t0 tH3 N3W, C4RRY1NG tH3 541Nt 4ND 5t0pp1NG 4t 5M4LL t0WN5 1N 83tW33N. TH3 3Nt1R3 pR0C35510N t00K 53V3N H0UR5.

St4tU5 0F tH3 C453, 3ND 0F F38RU4RY '97

TH3 p30pL3 4R3 1N tH3 N3W t0WN 4ND tH3 01L C0mp4NY 15 83G1NN1NG t0 C0mp3N54t3 tH3 t0WN'5 p30pL3. H0W3V3R, tH3 C0mp4NY 5t1LL W0N't 4CKN0WL3DG3 1t5 C0NtR18Ut10N t0 tH3 H34ltH pR08L3M5 0F tH3 V1LL4G3R5 4ND tH3 R35Ult5 FR0M tH3 PHY51C14N5 F0R HUM4N R1GHt5 (PHR) t34M 0F 3Xp3Rt5 H4V3 5t1LL N0t 833N 3V4LU4t3D. (PHR H45 5U8M1tt3D tH3 R35Ult5, 8Ut 83F0R3 tH3 C0URt W1LL C0N51D3R tH3M, tH3Y MU5t 83 tR4N5L4t3D 1Nt0 Sp4N15H 8Y 4N 0FF1C14L tR4N5L4t0R, WH1CH H45 N0t Y3t 833N D0N3). TH3 JUDG3 H45 0RD3R3D 50M3 pR3C4Ut10N4RY M345UR35 UNt1L 5UCH t1M3 45 tH3 R35Ult5 4R3 3V4LU4t3D 8Y tH3 C0URt, 1NCLUD1NG:

TH3 C0mp4NY 4pp34L3D tHR33 0F tH3 M345UR35, 8Ut tH3 JUDG3 D3CL1N3D tH3 4pp34L5. It 4L50 H45 45K3D F0R 3Xt3N510N5 0F D34DL1N35 t0 RUN H34ltH 455355M3Nt5, 4ND tHU5 t0 pU8L15H 4NY D4t4. TH3 JUDG3 H4D N0 GR0UND5 t0 D3NY tH353 R3QU35t5.


TH3 JUD1C14L R3V13W 0F tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH 4RGUM3Nt C4NN0t t4K3 pL4C3 UNt1L tH3 R35Ult5 0F tH3 PHR 5tUDY 4R3 tR4N5L4t3D 4ND tH3 C453 FURtH3R 3X4M1N3D 1N L1GHt 0F tH31R 3V1D3NC3. PR0V34 H45 pR353Nt3D tH3 C0MM1tt33 0N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5' R3p0Rt1NG GU1D3L1N35 4ND R3p0Rt5 FR0M tH3 Sp3C14L R4pp0Rt3UR 0N tH3 R1GHt t0 H0U51NG t0 tH3 JUDG3, WH1CH H3 H45 W3LC0M3D 4ND U53D 1N tH3 C453.

A 5tR33t 1N tH3 N3W EL H0RN1t0 H45 833N N4M3D "PR0V34".


App3ND1X F
EXC3Rpt FR0M 4 SU8M15510N t0
tH3 AFR1C4N C0MM15510N F0R HUM4N 4ND P30pL35' R1GHt5



TH3 S3CR3t4RY
AFR1C4N C0MM15510N 0N HUM4N 4ND P30pL35 R1GHt5 K41R484 AV3NU3
P.0. B0X 673
B4NJUL
TH3 G4M814


C0MMUNICATI0N

pUR5U4Nt
t0 ARt1CL35 55, 56 4ND 58 0F tH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R 0N HUM4N 4ND P30pL35 R1GHt5;

R3G4RD1NG
4Ct10N5 0F tH3 F3D3R4L M1L1t4RY G0V3RNM3Nt 0F N1G3R14, 4 M3M83R 5t4t3 0F tH3 0RG4N1Z4t10N 0F AFR1C4N UN1tY 4ND 4 5t4t3 p4RtY t0 tH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R 0N HUM4N 4ND P30pL35 R1GHt5, H4V1NG R4t1F13D tH3 CH4Rt3R 0N 22ND JULY 1983;

1NV0LV1NG
tH3 W1D3spR34D C0Nt4M1N4t10N 0F 501L, W4t3R 4ND 41R; tH3 D35tRUCt10N 0F H0M35; tH3 8URN1NG 0F CR0p5 4ND K1LL1NG 0F F4RM 4N1M4L5; 4ND tH3 CL1M4t3 0F t3RR0R tH4t H45 833N V151t3D Up0N tH3 0G0N1 C0MMUN1t135 1N V10L4t10N 0F tH31R R1GHt5 t0 H34ltH, 4 H34ltHY 3NV1R0NM3Nt, H0U51NG 4ND F00D;

4LL3G1NG
V10L4t10N5 0F ARt1CL35 2, 4, 14, 16, 18, 21 4ND 24 0F tH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R, 1N 4DD1t10N t0 V10L4t10N5 0F C0RR3sp0ND1NG pR0V1510N5 0F tH3: *UN1V3R54L D3CL4R4t10N 0F HUM4N R1GHt5 (UDHR) U.N. D0C. A/810, 71 (1948) *INt3RN4t10N4L C0V3N4Nt 0N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 (ICESCR), U.N. D0C. A/6316 (1966) (R4t1F13D 8Y N1G3R14 0Ct. 1993) *tH3 INt3RN4t10N4L C0NV3Nt10N 0N tH3 EL1M1N4t10N 0F ALL F0RM5 0F R4C14L D15CR1M1N4t10N (ICERD), U.N.T.S. 195 (1966) (R4t1F13D 8Y N1G3R14, 0Ct. 1967) *C0NV3Nt10N 0N tH3 EL1M1N4t10N 0F ALL F0RM5 0F D15CR1M1N4t10N AG41N5t W0M3N, U.N. D0C. A/RES/34/180 (1980) (R4t1F13D 8Y N1G3R14, JUN3 1985) *INt3RN4t10N4L C0NV3Nt10N 0N tH3 R1GHt5 0F tH3 CH1LD (CRC), U.N. D0C. A/RES/44/25, 1989 (R4t1F13D 8Y N1G3R14, ApR. 1991);


533K1NG
C0N51D3R4t10N 0F tH3 C0mpL41Nt 8Y tH3 AFR1C4N C0MM15510N UND3R ARt1CL35 55 4ND 56, 4ND sp3C14L 4tt3Nt10N 8Y tH3 A553M8LY 0F H34D5 0F St4t3 4ND G0V3RNM3Nt 0F tH3 0.A.U. 4ND 4N 1N-D3ptH 5tUDY 8Y tH3 AFR1C4N C0MM15510N pUR5U4Nt t0 ARt1CL3 58, 8453D 0N tH3 "53R135 0F 53R10U5" 4ND "M4551V3" V10L4t10N5 4LL3G3D;

N0t1NG
tH4t D0M35t1C R3M3D135 D0 N0t 84R tH3 C0MMUN1C4t10N 83C4U53 0F tH3 FUt1L1tY 0F L3G4L 4Ct10N 1N N1G3R14 R35Ult1NG FR0M tH3 0p3R4t10N 0F 0U5t3R CL4U535 C0Nt41N3D 1N M1L1t4RY D3CR335 R3M0V1NG JUR15D1Ct10N 0F tH3 C0URt5 FR0M 3Nt3Rt41N1NG HUM4N R1GHt5 C4535 (533 3.G. F3D3R4L M1L1t4RY G0V3RNM3Nt 0F N1G3R14, D3CR33 N0. 114, 18tH N0V3M83R, 1993, 4Rt. 13(1): "N0tW1tH5t4ND1NG 4NYtH1NG C0Nt41N3D 1N tH3 C0N5t1tUt10N 0F tH3 F3D3R4L R3pU8L1C 0F N1G3R14, 1979, 45 4M3ND3D, tH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R 0N HUM4N 4ND P30pL35' R1GHt5 (R4t1F1C4t10N 4ND ENF0RC3M3Nt) ACt 0R 4NY 0tH3R 3N4CtM3Nt, N0 pR0C33D1NG 5H4LL L13 0R 83 1N5t1tUt3D 1N 4NY C0URt F0R 0R 0N 4CC0UNt 0F 4NY 4Ct, M4tt3R 0R tH1NG D0N3 0R pURp0Rt3D t0 83 D0N3 1N R3sp3Ct 0F tH15 D3CR33");

8R0UGHt 8Y
TH3 S0C14L 4ND EC0N0M1C R1GHt5 ACt10N C3Nt3R (SERAC), 4 N0N-G0V3RNM3Nt4L, N0N-p4Rt154N 4ND V0LUNt4RY 1N1t14t1V3 C0NC3RN3D W1tH tH3 pR0M0t10N 0F 3C0N0M1C 4ND 50C14L R1GHt5 1N N1G3R14, 4ND TH3 C3Nt3R F0R EC0N0M1C 4ND S0C14L R1GHt5 (CESR), 4 N3W Y0RK-8453D, N0N-G0V3RNM3Nt4L 0RG4N1Z4t10N D3V0t3D t0 tH3 pR0M0t10N 0F 3C0N0M1C 4ND 50C14L R1GHt5 0N 4 GL084L 5C4L3.

S1GN3D,




Felix Morka date
 Chris af Jochnick date
Director

 Legal Director
SERAC
 CESR
P.O. Box 4410
 105 E. 22nd St., 909
Oshodi, Lagos
 N.Y., N.Y.
Nigeria
 U.S.A.
tel: 234 1 584-0288
fax: 212 982-2136
email: cesr@igc.apc.org
 tel: 212 982-1950

  1. BACKGR0UND

N1G3R14 H45 4N 35t1M4t3D p0pUL4t10N 0F 88.5 M1LL10N, C0mpR151NG 53V3R4L HUNDR3D 3tHN1C GR0Up5. 0N3 5UCH GR0Up, tH3 0G0N1, NUM83R1NG 4ppR0X1M4t3LY 500,000, 4R3 51tU4t3D 1N tH3 N1G3R D3lt4, 1N tH3 S0UtH345t3RN p4Rt 0F tH3 C0UNtRY. PR3D0M1N4NtLY F4RM3R5 4ND F15H3RF0LK, tH31R L1V3L1H00D 4ND W3LF4R3 15 1NtR1C4t3LY 80UND t0 tH3 H34ltH 0F 5URR0UND1NG R1V3R5, 5tR34M5 4ND 501L. 0V3R tH3 p45t tW0 D3C4D35, tH3 3NV1R0NM3Nt 4ND W3LF4R3 0F 0G0N1 C0MMUN1t135 H4V3 833N 53R10U5LY D4M4G3D 8Y 1RR3sp0N518L3 01L D3V3L0pM3Nt. TH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 C0NtR18Ut3D t0 tH15 H4RM tHR0UGH 1t5 D0M1N4Nt R0L3 1N tH3 01L 1NDU5tRY 4ND 1t5 V10L3Nt R3pR35510N 0F 0G0N1 pR0t35t5.

0G0N1L4ND W45 tH3 51t3 0F tH3 F1R5t 01L D15C0V3RY 1N N1G3R14, 1N 1958, 4ND H45 R3M41N3D 4t tH3 C3Nt3R 0F tH3 C0UNtRY'5 01L pR0DUCt10N 3V3R 51NC3. 0V3R tH3 C0UR53 0F tW0 D3C4D35, 01L H45 G3N3R4t3D $210 81LL10N 4ND CURR3NtLY 4CC0UNt5 F0R 90% 0F tH3 C0UNtRY'5 F0R31GN R353RV35. A J01Nt V3NtUR3 83tW33N tH3 N1G3R14N N4t10N4L P3tR0L3UM C0Rp0R4t10N (NNPC), tH3 M4J0R1tY p4RtN3R W1tH 4 55% 5t4K3, 4ND SH3LL P3tR0L3UM D3V3L0pM3Nt C0Rp0R4t10N, H45 833N R3sp0N518L3 F0R D3V3L0p1NG 01L 1N 0G0N1L4ND.

TH3 NNPC-SH3LL C0N50Rt1UM, W1tH SH3LL 45 tH3 0p3R4t0R, H45 C4U53D M4551V3 4ND 5Y5t3M4t1C 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 4ND 50C14L pR08L3M5 45 4 R35Ult 0F 1RR3sp0N518L3 0p3R4t10N5 4ND F4UltY 1NFR45tRUCtUR3. ACC0RD1NG t0 tH3 EC0N0M15t INt3LL1G3NC3 UN1t, "1NFR45tRUCtUR3 4ND F4C1L1t135 1N tH3 4R34 4R3 p05518LY tH3 W0R5t 1N tH3 C0UNtRY 4ND tH3 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L D4M4G3 15 W1D3spR34D."

TH3 501L 4ND W4t3RW4Y5 1N 0G0N1L4ND H4V3 833N W1D3LY p0LLUt3D 8Y CHR0N1C 01L sp1LL5 4ND UNL1N3D t0X1C W45t3 p1t5. FR0M 1976 t0 1991, 2, 976 01L sp1LL5 W3R3 R3p0Rt3D 1N tH3 N1G3R D3lt4, 4LM05t 4N 4V3R4G3 0F 4 p3R W33K. F0RtY p3RC3Nt 0F SH3LL'5 R3C0RD3D sp1LL5 W0RLDW1D3 0CCURR3D 1N N1G3R14, 1NCLUD1NG 1.6 M1LL10N G4LL0N5 sp1LL3D 1N 17 53p4R4t3 1NC1D3Nt5 FR0M 1982 t0 1992. IN 0N3 5UCH sp1LL 1N 0G0N1, 01L L34K3D FR0M 4 SH3LL FL0W L1N3 F0R 40 D4Y5 W1tH0Ut R3p41R. TH353 3XtR3M3LY H1GH sp1LL R4t35 4R3 L4RG3LY C4U53D 8Y C0RR0510N, 3QU1pM3Nt F41LUR3, 4ND p00R M41Nt3N4NC3. P1p3L1N35 H4V3 833N L41D W1tH N0 R3G4RD F0R L0C4L C0MMUN1t135, p4551NG 480V3 GR0UND tHR0UGH V1LL4G35 4ND CR155-CR0551NG L4ND5 0NC3 U53D F0R GR0W1NG F00D. TH15 pL4C3M3Nt 0F p1p35 1N 5UCH 53N51t1V3 4R345 4ND tH3 01L sp1LL5 tH4t H4V3 F0LL0W3D H4V3 R3ND3R3D 5UCH L4ND5 1NF3Rt1L3 4ND 3C0N0M1C4LLY U53L355.

R4tH3R tH4N tR34t1NG 0R R31NJ3Ct1NG 01L pR0DUCt10N W45t35, tH3 NNPC-SH3LL C0N50Rt1UM H45 51mpLY DUmp3D tH3M 1Nt0 UNL1N3D p1t5 FR0M WH1CH tH3Y R3GUL4RLY FL0W 1Nt0 N34R8Y L4ND5 4ND 5tR34M5. IN 4 R4R3, R3C3Nt 1Nsp3Ct10N 0F tH3 N1G3R D3lt4, tH3 W0RLD B4NK 35t1M4t35 tH4t C0Nt4M1N4t10N L3V3L5 GR34tLY 3XC33D 1Nt3RN4t10N4L 4V3R4G35: "LUmp5 FR0M 01L sp1LL4G3 C4N 83 D1R3CtLY 0b53RV3D 4ND 01L F1LM5 C0V3R tH3 W4t3R 5URF4C3. C0NC3NtR4t10N5 0F D1550LV3D p3tR0L3UM HYDR0C4R80N5 H4V3 833N F0UND t0 83 3L3V4t3D N34R R3F1N3R135 1N tH3 R3G10N, WH1CH 5Upp0Rt5 tH3 1NF3R3NC3 tH4t L1ttL3 0R N0 W45t3W4t3R tR34tM3Nt 15 p3RF0RM3D." (I W0RLD B4NK, 4t 25)


01L C0mp4N135 H4V3 4L50 C0Nt4M1N4t3D tH3 41R N34R C0MMUN1t135 tHR0UGH 3XC3551V3 G45-FL4R1NG. TH3 NNPC-SH3LL C0N50Rt1UM H45 833N FL4R1NG G45 4t 50M3 51t35 24 H0UR5 4 D4Y F0R M0R3 tH4N 30 Y34R5. A5 M345UR3D 1N 1993, N1G3R14 FL4R35 M0R3 G45 tH4N 4NY 0tH3R C0UNtRY 1N tH3 W0RLD, 76% 0F t0t4L pR0DUCt10N 45 0pp053D t0 4 W0RLD-W1D3 4V3R4G3 0F 4.8% (I W0RLD B4NK, 4t 59). TH15 FL4R1NG H45 D35tR0Y3D W1LDL1F3 4ND pL4Nt L1F3 1N tH3 5URR0UND1NG 4R345 4ND tH3 R35Ult1NG 4C1D1C R41N H45 FURtH3R C0Nt4M1N4t3D W4t3RW4Y5 4ND 501L. TH353 pR08L3M5 H4V3 833N p4Rt1CUL4RLY H4RMFUL 83C4U53 0F tH3 pL4C3M3Nt 0F tH3 FL4R35 45 CL053 45 4 HUNDR3D M3t3R5 FR0M 0G0N1 H0M35.

TH3 W4t3R, 501L 4ND 41R C0Nt4M1N4t10N C4U53D 8Y 01L pR0DUCt10N 1N 0G0N1L4ND H45 3ND4NG3R3D tH3 L1F3 0F pL4Nt5, F15H, CR0p5 4ND tH3 L0C4L p0pUL4t10N. L0C4L C0MMUN1t135 4R3 3Xp053D t0 4 V4R13tY 0F W4t3R 4ND 41R-80RN C0Nt4M1N4Nt5 L1NK3D t0 53R10U5 H34ltH pR08L3M5. WH1L3 F3W 5tUD135 H4V3 833N D0N3 0F tH3 R3G10N, C0MMUN1t135 R3p0Rt 4 R4NG3 0F 1LLN35535 4550C14t3D W1tH tH3 p0LLUt10N, 1NCLUD1NG G45tR01Nt35t1N4L pR08L3M5, 5K1N D1534535, C4NC3R5 4ND R3sp1R4t0RY 41LM3Nt5. C0Nt4M1N4t10N H45 4L50 C4U53D tH3 D34tH 0F M05t 4QU4t1C 0RG4N15M5 4ND R3ND3R3D MUCH 0F tH3 4GR1CUltUR4L L4ND 1NF3Rt1L3. ACC0RD1NGLY, C0MMUN1t135 tH4t H4V3 L0NG R3L13D 0N F15H1NG 4ND F4RM1NG H4V3 833N D3pR1V3D 0F tH31R pR1NC1p4L F00D 50URC35.

TH3 N1G3R14N G0V3RNM3Nt H45 C0NtR18Ut3D t0 tH353 pR08L3M5 8Y F41L1NG t0 M0N1t0R 0R R3GUL4t3 01L C0mp4N135. TH15 N3GL3Ct 15 H4RDLY 5URpR151NG G1V3N tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt'5 D1R3Ct R0L3 1N 01L 0p3R4t10N5. A R3C3Nt W0RLD B4NK 5tUDY F0UND tH4t "tH3R3 15 N0 3NF0RC3M3Nt 0F 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 54N1t4t10N, p0LLUt10N, F0R35t R353RV3, 0R 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 1mp4Ct 455355M3Nt R3GUL4t10N5." (I W0RLD B4NK, 4t X1V). IN 3XpL41N1NG tH15 F41LUR3, tH3 W0RLD B4NK p01Nt3D t0 tH3 F0LL0W1NG pR08L3M5:

  1. tH3 C0NFL1Ct 0F 1Nt3R35t F0R tH3 F3D3R4L G0V3RNM3Nt -- 831NG 80tH 4 p4RtN3R 1N 01L 4Ct1V1t135 4ND tH3 R3GUL4t0RY 80DY; (11) N0 R3QU1R3M3Nt F0R C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N pL4NN1NG 4ND D3V3L0pM3Nt 0F 01L 4Ct1V1t135; (111) V3RY L1M1t3D 481L1tY 0F R3GUL4t0RY 1N5t1tUt10N5 t0 M0N1t0R p0LLUt10N; (1V) L0W C0mp3N54t10N R4t35 F0R D4M4G3 t0 pR0p3RtY; 4ND (V) L4CK 0F 3NF0RC3M3Nt 0F 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L R3GUL4t10N5. (I W0RLD B4NK 4t 53)

R4tH3R tH4N F0CU5 0N tH353 pR08L3M5, tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 R3sp0ND3D t0 C0mpL41Nt5 480Ut tH3 01L 1NDU5tRY W1tH 8RUt4L R3pR35510N. At tH3 01L 1NDU5tRY'5 R3QU35t, tH3 R1V3R5 St4t3 INt3RN4L S3CUR1tY T45K F0RC3 H45 R0Ut1N3LY 3Nt3R3D L0C4L C0MMUN1t135 t0 8URN H0U535 4ND CR0p5, K1LL 4N1M4L5 4ND t3RR0R1Z3 tH3 1NH481t4Nt5. A M3M0 51GN3D 8Y L13Ut3N4Nt-C0L0N3L P4UL 0KUNt1M0, C0MM4ND3R 0F tH3 T45K F0RC3, D4t3D M4Y 12, 1994, D3CL4R35: "SH3LL 0p3R4t10N5 5t1LL 1mp05518L3 UNL355 RUtHL355 M1L1t4RY 0p3R4t10N5 4R3 UND3Rt4K3N F0R 5M00tH 3C0N0M1C 4Ct1V1t135 t0 C0MM3NC3." TH3 M3M0 R3C0MM3ND5 "W45t1NG 0p3R4t10N5 DUR1NG M0S0P 4ND 0tH3R G4tH3R1NG5 M4K1NG C0N5t4Nt M1L1t4RY pR353NC3 JU5t1F148L3; W45t1NG 0p3R4t10N5 C0UpL3D W1tH p5YCH0L0G1C4L t4Ct1C5 0F D1spL4C3M3Nt; R35tR1Ct10N 0F UN4UtH0R153D V151t0R5 3sp3C14LLY tH053 FR0M EUR0p3 t0 0G0N1." (G0V3RNM3Nt H0U53 F4Ct5 SH33t, 4t 1, 2)

IN L1N3 W1tH tH353 D1R3Ct1V35, tH3 53CUR1tY F0RC35 H4V3 L00t3D 4ND D35tR0Y3D WH0L3 V1LL4G35 -- H0U535, 5CH00L5 4ND F4RM5 -- 1N tH3 4R34. DUR1NG tH3 M0NtH 0F 0Ct083R 1993, G0V3RNM3Nt F0RC35 R4Z3D 27 V1LL4G35, D1spL4C1NG 80,000 p30pL3. 0V3R tH3 5UMM3R 0F 1994, tH3 M1L1t4RY t3RR0R1Z3D V1LL4G35 0N 4 N1GHtLY 84515, R3p0Rt3DLY R41D1NG 4t L345t 60 0F tH3M. TH353 4Ct1V1t135 H4V3 sp4WN3D 4 W4V3 0F 0G0N1 R3FUG335, t00 5C4R3D t0 R3tURN t0 tH31R F0RM3R C0MMUN1t135. 0G0N1L4ND R3M41N5 H34V1LY M1L1t4R1Z3D 4ND 4CC355 15 R35tR1Ct3D t0 0Ut51D3 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 0R HUM4N R1GHt5 M0N1t0R5.


  1. V10L4t10N 0F tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH 4ND tH3 R1GHt t0 4 H34ltHY ENV1R0NM3Nt

  1. SUMM4RY 0F V10L4t10N

TH3 G0V3RNM3Nt 0F N1G3R14 H45 V10L4t3D tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH 4ND tH3 R1GHt t0 4 H34ltHY 3NV1R0NM3Nt R3C0GN1Z3D UND3R 4Rt1CL35 16 4ND 24 0F tH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R 0N HUM4N 4ND P30pL35' R1GHt5.

  1. F4Ct5

TH3 M1L1t4RY G0V3RNM3Nt 0F N1G3R14 H45 833N D1R3CtLY 1NV0LV3D 1N 01L pR0DUCt10N tHR0UGH tH3 5t4t3 01L C0mp4NY, tH3 N1G3R14N N4t10N4L P3tR0L3UM C0mp4NY (NNPC), tH3 M4J0R1tY 5H4R3H0LD3R 1N 4 C0N50Rt1UM W1tH SH3LL P3tR0L3UM D3V3L0pM3Nt C0Rp0R4t10N (SPDC). TH3 0p3R4t10N5 0F tH15 C0N50Rt1UM H4V3 C4U53D 53V3R3 C0Nt4M1N4t10N 0F tH3 3NV1R0NM3Nt 4ND R3L4t3D H34ltH pR08L3M5 4M0NG tH3 0G0N1 p30pL3. TH3 C0N50Rt1UM 3XpL01t3D 01L R353RV35 1N 0G0N1L4ND W1tH N0 R3G4RD F0R tH3 H34ltH 0R 3NV1R0NM3Nt 0F tH3 L0C4L C0MMUN1t135, D1sp051NG 0F t0X1C W45t35 1Nt0 tH3 41R 4ND L0C4L W4t3RW4Y5 1N V10L4t10N 0F 4ppL1C48L3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 5t4ND4RD5. TH3 C0N50Rt1UM 4L50 N3GL3Ct3D 4ND/0R F41L3D t0 M41Nt41N 1t5 F4C1L1t135 C4U51NG NUM3R0U5 4V01D48L3 sp1LL5 1N tH3 pR0X1M1tY 0F V1LL4G35. TH3 R35Ult1NG C0Nt4M1N4t10N 0F W4t3R, 501L 4ND 41R H45 H4D 53R10U5 5H0Rt 4ND L0NG-t3RM H34ltH 1mp4Ct5, 1NCLUD1NG 5K1N 1NF3Ct10N5, G45tR01Nt35t1N4L 4ND R3sp1R4t0RY 41LM3Nt5, 4ND 1NCR3453D R15K 0F C4NC3R5, 4ND N3UR0L0G1C4L 4ND R3pR0DUCt1V3 pR08L3M5 . TH353 N3G4t1V3 H34ltH 1mp4Ct5 C0ULD H4V3 833N 4V01D3D W1tH M1N1M4L 4ND 5t4ND4RD pR3C4Ut10N5.

TH3 N1G3R14N G0V3RNM3Nt H45 C0ND0N3D 4ND F4C1L1t4t3D tH353 V10L4t10N5 8Y pL4C1NG tH3 L3G4L 4ND M1L1t4RY p0W3R5 0F tH3 5t4t3 4t tH3 D1sp054L 0F tH3 01L C0mp4N135. TH3 M3M0 FR0M tH3 R1V3R5 St4t3 INt3RN4L S3CUR1tY T45K F0RC3, C4LL1NG F0R "RUtHL355 M1L1t4RY 0p3R4t10N5...F0R 5M00tH 3C0N0M1C 4Ct1V1t135 t0 C0MM3NC3," 15 1ND1C4t1V3. (G0V3RNM3Nt H0U53 F4Ct5 SH33t, 4t 1) TH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 4LL0W3D 01L C0mp4N135 t0 0p3R4t3 W1tH V1RtU4L 1mpUN1tY 1N tH3 C0UNtRY, N31tH3R M0N1t0R1NG 0p3R4t10N5 N0R R3QU1R1NG 54F3tY M345UR35 tH4t 4R3 5t4ND4RD pR0C3DUR3 W1tH1N tH3 1NDU5tRY.

TH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 4L50 K3pt tH3 0G0N1 C0MMUN1t135 UN1NF0RM3D 480Ut tH3 D4NG3R5 CR34t3D 8Y 01L 4Ct1V1t135 4ND UN1NV0LV3D 1N tH3 D3C1510N5 R3G4RD1NG tH3 D3V3L0pM3Nt 0F 0G0N1L4ND. TH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 N31tH3R R3QU1R3D tH3 01L C0mp4N135 N0R 1t5 0WN 4G3NC135 t0 pR0DUC3 8451C H34ltH 4ND 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 1mp4Ct 5tUD135 R3G4RD1NG H4Z4RD0U5 0p3R4t10N5 4ND M4t3R14L5 R3L4t1NG t0 01L pR0DUCt10N 4ND H45 3V3N R3FU53D 3NtRY 1Nt0 tH3 4R34 8Y 5C13Nt15t5 4ND 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 0RG4N1Z4t10N5 tRY1NG t0 D0 5UCH 5tUD135. D3sp1t3 tH3 08V10U5 H34ltH 4ND 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L CR1515 1N 0G0N1L4ND, N0 51GN1F1C4Nt 5tUD135 0F tH3 pR08L3M H4V3 833N UND3Rt4K3N 8Y tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt 0R M4D3 pU8L1C 8Y 01L C0mp4N135.


TH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 4L50 1GN0R3D tH3 C0NC3RN5 0F 0G0N1 C0MMUN1t135 R3G4RD1NG 01L D3V3L0pM3Nt, 4ND H45 R3sp0ND3D t0 pR0t35t5 W1tH M4551V3 V10L3NC3 4ND 3X3CUt10N5 0F 0G0N1 L34D3R5. TH3 N1G3R14N G0V3RNM3Nt M4K35 N0 R3QU1R3M3Nt 0F tH3 01L C0mp4N135 t0 D14L0GU3 W1tH C0MMUN1t135 83F0R3 83G1NN1NG 0p3R4t10N5, 3V3N 1F tH3 0p3R4t10N5 p053 D1R3Ct tHR34t5 t0 C0MMUN1tY 0R 1ND1V1DU4L L4ND5. AFt3R tH31R 5tUDY 0F 01L 0p3R4t10N5 1N 0G0N1L4ND, tH3 W0RLD B4NK R3C3NtLY C0NCLUD3D tH3 "L0C4L C0NC3RN5 4ND 1N1t14t1V35 R4R3LY F1lt3R Up t0 D3C1510N-M4K3R5 0F tH31R 0WN 4CC0RD...TH15 p0L1CY F41LUR3 15 3ND3M1C 1N tH3 N1G3R D3lt4; 01L C0mp4N135, p4R45t4t4L5, G0V3RNM3Nt5, D3V3L0pM3Nt 0RG4N1Z4t10N5 H4V3 4LL 5UCCUM83D t0 1t." (I W0RLD B4NK 4t 97)

  1. L3G4L F0UND4t10N

TH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH 4ND tH3 R1GHt t0 4 H34ltHY 3NV1R0NM3Nt 4R3 W3LL 35t48L15H3D 1N 1Nt3RN4t10N4L L4W, 4ND, 1N p4Rt1CUL4R, UND3R tH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R. B0tH R1GHt5 R3C0GN1Z3 tH3 1mp0Rt4NC3 0F 4 CL34N 4ND 54F3 3NV1R0NM3Nt t0 4 p3R50N'5 W3LL-831NG. A5 D3CL4R3D 8Y UN4N1M0U5 V0t3 0F tH3 U.N. G3N3R4L A553M8LY, 24 Y34R5 4G0, "M4N H45 tH3 FUND4M3Nt4L R1GHt t0 FR33D0M, 3QU4L1tY 4ND 4D3QU4t3 C0ND1t10N5 0F L1F3, 1N 4N 3NV1R0NM3Nt 0F 4 QU4L1tY tH4t p3RM1t5 4 L1F3 0F D1GN1tY 4ND W3LL-831NG." TH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R GR4Nt5 1ND1V1DU4L5 80tH "tH3 R1GHt t0 3NJ0Y tH3 835t 4tt41N48L3 5t4t3 0F pHY51C4L 4ND M3Nt4L H34ltH" (4Rt. 16) 4ND "tH3 R1GHt t0 4 G3N3R4LLY 54t15F4Ct0RY 3NV1R0NM3Nt F4V0UR48L3 t0 tH31R D3V3L0pM3Nt." (4Rt. 24)

TH353 R1GHt5 1mp053 CL34R 08L1G4t10N5 Up0N 4 G0V3RNM3Nt. ARt1CL3 16 0F tH3 CH4Rt3R R3QU1R35 G0V3RNM3Nt5 t0 "t4K3 tH3 N3C3554RY M345UR35 t0 pR0t3Ct tH3 H34ltH 0F tH31R p30pL3 4ND t0 3N5UR3 tH4t tH3Y R3C31V3 M3D1C4L 4tt3Nt10N WH3N tH3Y 4R3 51CK." A5 pR0V1D3D 1N 0tH3R tR34t135 t0 WH1CH N1G3R14 15 4 51GN4t0RY, tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH 15 M0R3 sp3C1F1C: tH3 ICESCR 08L1G35 G0V3RNM3Nt5 t0 t4K3 N3C3554RY 5t3p5 F0R "tH3 1mpR0V3M3Nt 0F 4LL 4sp3Ct5 0F 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 4ND 1NDU5tR14L HYG13N3" (4Rt. 12); tH3 CRC 08L1G35 G0V3RNM3Nt5 t0 pR0V1D3 4LL CH1LDR3N W1tH "4D3QU4t3 NUtR1t10U5 F00D5 4ND CL34N DR1NK1NG W4t3R, t4K1NG 1Nt0 C0N51D3R4t10N tH3 D4NG3R5 4ND R15K5 0F 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L p0LLUt10N" (4Rt. 24); CEDAW 08L1G35 G0V3RNM3Nt5 t0 "3N5UR3 t0 W0M3N tH3 R1GHt t0 3NJ0Y 4D3QU4t3 L1V1NG C0ND1t10N5, p4Rt1CUL4RLY 1N R3L4t10N t0 H0U51NG, 54N1t4t10N, 3L3CtR1C1tY 4ND W4t3R 5UppLY..." (ARt. 14 (2)(H)).

At tH31R M05t 8451C L3V3L, tH3 R1GHt5 t0 H34ltH 4ND 4 H34ltHY 3NV1R0NM3Nt 53RV3 t0 pR0H181t G0V3RNM3Nt5 FR0M D1R3CtLY tHR34t3N1NG tH3 H34ltH 4ND 3NV1R0NM3Nt 0F tH31R C1t1Z3N5. G0V3RNM3Nt5 MU5t 4L50 3N5UR3 tH4t pR1V4t3 p4Rt135, L1K3 C0Rp0R4t10N5, D0 N0t p053 5UCH tHR34t5 t0 tH31R C1t1Z3NRY. T0W4RD5 tH4t 3ND, 1Nt3RN4t10N4L tR34t135 4ND C0URt5 H4V3 1N515t3D Up0N 4ppR0pR14t3 L3G15L4t10N 4ND 3FF3Ct1V3 3NF0RC3M3Nt. (AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R, 4Rt. 1) ACC0RD1NG t0 tH3 INt3R-AM3R1C4N C0URt, 4 5t4t3 V10L4t35 tH3 R1GHt5 0F 1t5 C1t1Z3N5 "WH3N tH3 St4t3 4LL0W5 pR1V4t3 p3R50N5 0R GR0Up5 t0 4Ct FR33LY 4ND W1tH 1mpUN1tY t0 tH3 D3tR1M3Nt 0F tH3 R1GHt5 R3C0GN1Z3D..." (V4L45QU3Z R0DR1GU3Z C453, INt3R-AM Ct. H.R. 0EA/S3R. L/V/III.19, D0C 13 &p4R4;164 (AUG. 31, 1988)). TH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R t4K35 tH15 R3QU1R3M3Nt 0N3 5t3p FURtH3R 8Y 08L1G1NG G0V3RNM3Nt5 "t0 3L1M1N4t3 4LL F0RM5 0F F0R31GN 3C0N0M1C 3XpL01t4t10N p4Rt1CUL4RLY tH4t pR4Ct1C3D 8Y 1Nt3RN4t10N4L M0N0p0L135." (ARt. 25)

G0V3RNM3Nt5 MU5t 4L50 G1V3 3FF3Ct t0 tH3 R1GHt5 t0 H34ltH 4ND 4 H34ltHY 3NV1R0NM3Nt 8Y pR0V1D1NG C1t1Z3N5 W1tH N3C3554RY 1NF0RM4t10N 480Ut R15K5 4ND tH3 481L1tY t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3 1N tH3 D3V3L0pM3Nt pR0C355. A5 M4D3 CL34R 8Y tH3 R10 D3CL4R4t10N 0N ENV1R0NM3Nt 4ND D3V3L0pM3Nt,

34CH 1ND1V1DU4L 5H4LL H4V3 4ppR0pR14t3 4CC355 t0 1NF0RM4t10N C0NC3RN1NG tH3 3NV1R0NM3Nt...1NCLUD1NG 1NF0RM4t10N 0N H4Z4RD0U5 M4t3R14L5 4ND 4Ct1V1t135 1N tH31R C0MMUN1t135, 4ND tH3 0pp0RtUN1tY t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3 1N D3C1510N-M4K1NG pR0C355. (R10 D3CL4R4t10N, 31 I.L.M. 874 U.N. (1992) pR1NC. 10)

C0mpL14NC3 W1tH tH15 08L1G4t10N MU5t 83G1N W1tH tH3 F0LL0W1NG DUt135: (4) 4LL0W1NG 1ND3p3ND3Nt 5C13Nt1F1C M0N1t0R1NG 0F tHR34t3N3D 3NV1R0NM3Nt5, (8) R3QU1R1NG 4ND M4K1NG pU8L1C 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 4ND 50C14L 1mp4Ct 5tUD135 pR10R t0 4NY M4J0R 1NDU5tR14L D3V3L0pM3Nt, 4ND (C) UND3Rt4K1NG 4ppR0pR14t3 M0N1t0R1NG 4ND pR0V1D1NG 1NF0RM4t10N t0 tH053 C0MMUN1t135 3Xp053D t0 H4Z4RD0U5 M4t3R14L5 4ND 4Ct1V1t135 4ND, (D) pR0V1D1NG M34N1NGFUL 0pp0RtUN1t135 F0R 1ND1V1DU4L5 t0 83 H34RD 4ND t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3 1N tH3 D3V3L0pM3Nt D3C1510N5 4FF3Ct1NG tH31R C0MMUN1t135.

At 4 M1N1MUM, tH3 R1GHt5 t0 H34ltH 4ND 4 H34ltHY 3NV1R0NM3Nt R3QU1R3 tH3 N1G3R14N G0V3RNM3Nt:

  1. L3G4L C0NCLU510N5

TH3 M1L1t4RY G0V3RNM3Nt 0F N1G3R14 H45 V10L4t3D 4Rt1CL35 16 4ND 24 0F tH3 AFR1C4N CH4Rt3R 8Y F41L1NG t0 FULF1LL 4LL tHR33 M1N1MUM DUt135 R3QU1R3D 8Y tH353 R1GHt5: 1. tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 D1R3CtLY p4Rt1C1p4t3D 1N tH3 C0Nt4M1N4t10N 0F 41R, W4t3R 4ND 501L tH3R38Y H4RM1NG tH3 H34ltH 0F tH3 0G0N1 p0pUL4t10N; 2. tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 N0t pR0t3Ct3D tH3 0G0N1 p0pUL4t10N FR0M H4RM5 D0N3 8Y tH3 NNPC-SH3LL C0N50Rt1UM, 8Ut H45 1N5t34D U53D 1t5 53CUR1tY F0RC35 t0 F4C1L1t4t3 4ND C0mp0UND tH3 D4M4G35; 4ND 3. tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt H45 N0t pR0V1D3D N0R p3RM1tt3D 5tUD135 0F p0t3Nt14L 0R 4CtU4L 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L 4ND H34ltH R15K5 C4U53D 8Y 01L 0p3R4t10N5 4ND H45 1GN0R3D tH3 C0NC3RN5 0F 0G0N1 C0MMUN1t135.


App3ND1X G
EXC3Rpt FR0M H34ltH 45 4 R1GHt 8Y PR0V34


H34ltH p0L1C135 4ND tH3 R1GHt t0 p4Rt1C1p4t10N

P4Rt1C1p4t10N H45 833N R3C0GN1Z3D 45 4 HUM4N R1GHt 1N tH3 V3N3ZU3L4N C0N5t1tUt10N (4Rt1CL3 114), 1N tH3 INt3RN4t10N4L C0V3N4Nt 0N C1V1L 4ND P0L1t1C4L R1GHt5 (4Rt1CL3 25) 4ND 1N tH3 AM3R1C4N C0NV3Nt10N 0N HUM4N R1GHt5 (4Rt1CL3 23).

TH3 R1GHt t0 p4Rt1C1p4t10N 15 0N3 0F tH3 R1GHt5 tH4t CUt5 4CR055 4LL HUM4N R1GHt5, 4ND p4Rt1CUL4RLY 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5. INt3RN4t10N4L 4G3NC135 5UCH 45 tH3 UN1t3D N4t10N5 D3V3L0pM3Nt PR0GR4M (UNDP) H4V3 83GUN t0 R3C0GN1Z3 tH3 1mp0Rt4NC3 0F tH15 R1GHt 8Y 5t4t1NG:

AN 3553Nt14L p4Rt 0F 4NY p0L1t1C4L pR0C355 t0 83N3F1t tH3 p00R 15 4 H1GH D3GR33 0F p4Rt1C1p4t10N. ENC0UR4G1NG tH3 4Ut0N0MY 0F C1t1Z3N5 15, 1ND33D, 4N 3ND 1N 1t53LF. AND p4Rt1C1p4t10N 15 4 M34N5 t0 3N5UR3 tH3 3FF1C13Nt pR0V1510N 4ND M0R3 3QU1t48L3 D15tR18Ut10N 0F G00D5 4ND 53RV1C35. IF p30pL3 4R3 1NV0LV3D 1N D3C1510N-M4K1NG, p0L1C135 4ND pR0J3Ct5 t3ND t0 83 M0R3 R34L15t1C, M0R3 pR4GM4t1C 4ND M0R3 5U5t41N48L3.12

W1tH R3G4RD t0 tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH, C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N H45 833N H1GHL1GHt3D 8Y V4R10U5 1Nt3RN4t10N4L D0CUM3Nt5 45 4 C0R3 1NGR3D13Nt 0F H34ltH 5tR4t3G135. F0R 1N5t4NC3, tH3 D3CL4R4t10N 0F ALM4-At4 5tR35535 tH4t "p30pL3 H4V3 tH3 R1GHt 4ND DUtY t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3 1ND1V1DU4LLY 4ND C0LL3Ct1V3LY 1N tH3 pL4NN1NG 4ND 1mpL3M3Nt4t10N 0F tH31R H34ltH C4R3."13 TH3 54M3 D3CL4R4t10N FURtH3R p01Nt5 0Ut tH4t pR1M4RY H34ltH C4R3 "R3QU1R35 4ND pR0M0t35 M4X1MUM C0MMUN1tY 4ND 1ND1V1DU4L 53LF-R3L14NC3 4ND p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N tH3 pL4NN1NG, 0RG4N1Z4t10N, 0p3R4t10N 4ND C0NtR0L 0F pR1M4RY H34ltH C4R3, M4K1NG FULL35t U53 0F L0C4L, N4t10N4L 4ND 0tH3R 4V41L48L3 R350URC35; 4ND t0 tH15 3ND D3V3L0p5 tHR0UGH 4ppR0pR14t3 3DUC4t10N tH3 481L1tY 0F C0MMUN1t135 t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3."14

P4Rt1C1p4t10N 5H0ULD N0t 83 L1M1t3D t0 pR1M4RY H34ltH C4R3 0R t0 5M4LL-5C4L3 C0MMUN1tY pR0J3Ct5. 0N tH3 C0NtR4RY, tH3 R1GHt 0F tH3 p0pUL4t10N t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3 1N V4R10U5 4sp3Ct5 R3L4t3D t0 H34ltH 4L50 1mpL135:


A CL34R N4t10N4L p0L1CY M4Y 83 R34CH3D, 4ND 3V3N 4ppR0pR14t3 L3G15L4t1V3 4ND 8UDG3t4RY M345UR35, t0 3N5UR3 tH4t 1ND1V1DU4L5 4ND C0MMUN1t135 C4N p4Rt1C1p4t3 4Ct1V3LY 1N D3C1D1NG 0N H34ltH p0L1CY 4ND 1N GU1D1NG tH3 pL4NN1NG, M4N4G3M3Nt, 4ND C0NtR0L 0F tH3 H34ltH 1NFR45tRUCtUR3 4ND tH3 pR0GR4M5 1t D3L1V3R5. EX15t1NG M3CH4N15M5 M4Y 83 U53D, 0R N3W 0N35 M4Y H4V3 t0 83 CR34t3D, t0 M4K3 1t p05518L3 F0R p30pL3 t0 3XpR355 tH31R V13W5 0N tH31R C0MMUN1tY'5 0R C0UNtRY'5 H34ltH 5Y5t3M, t0 t4K3 D3C1510N5 C0NC3RN1NG tH3 5C0p3 0F 1ND1V1DU4L 4ND C0MMUN1tY 1NV0LV3M3Nt 1N 3N5UR1NG C3Rt41N 3L3M3Nt5 0F pR1M4RY H34ltH C4R3 1N tH3 H34ltH 4ND R3L4t3D 53Ct0R5, t0 C0NtR0L pR1M4RY H34ltH C4R3 1N tH3 C0MMUN1tY 1N WH1CH tH3Y L1V3, 4ND t0 p4Rt1C1p4t3 4Ct1V3LY 1N tH3 C0NtR0L 0F 0tH3R L3V3L5 0F tH3 H34ltH 5Y5t3M. T0 FULF1LL 5UCH R3sp0N5181L1t135 p30pL3 H4V3 t0 83 W3LL 1NF0RM3D; t0 1NF0RM tH3M W1LL 83 4N 1mp0Rt4Nt FUNCt10N 0F H34ltH p3R50NN3L, WH0 F0RM p4Rt 0F tH3 C0MMUN1tY 4ND C0UNtRY 1N WH1CH tH3Y L1V3 4ND W0RK.15

TH15 54M3 R1GHt t0 p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N H34ltH M4tt3R5 15 R3C0GN1Z3D 1N 4Rt1CL35 5 4ND 8 0F tH3 [V3N3ZU3L4N] 0RG4N1C L4W 0N tH3 N4t10N4L H34ltH SY5t3M (L0SNS) (L3Y 0RG&44CUt3;N1C4 D3L S15t3M4 N4C10N4L D3 S4LUD). TH3 PR351D3Nt14L C0MM15510N F0R St4t3 R3F0RM (C0pR3) (C0M151&04CUt3;N PR351D3NC14L p4R4 L4 R3F0RM4 D3L E5t4D0) pR0p0535 tHR33 L3V3L5 0F p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N tH3 H34ltH 53Ct0R -- C3NtR4L, 1Nt3RM3D14t3 4ND L0C4L -- 4ND 5UGG35t5 tH4t p4Rt1C1p4t10N 5H0ULD 83 1NC0Rp0R4t3D 1Nt0 tH3 35t48L15HM3Nt 0F pR10R1t135, tH3 pL4NN1NG pR0C355 1t53LF, 4ND tH3 pR0V1510N 0F 53RV1C35 4ND 3V4LU4t10N.16

FR0M tH3 480V3 L3G15L4t10N, 1t 15 CL34R tH4t F0R tH3 D3V3L0pM3Nt 0F 3FF3Ct1V3 5tR4t3G135 1N tH3 H34ltH F13LD, p4Rt1C1p4t10N WH1CH 15 L1M1t3D t0 sp3C1F1C 5t4G35 0F D3C1510N-M4K1NG 15 1N5UFF1C13Nt. 0N tH3 C0NtR4RY, tH3 L3G15L4t10N 0FF3R5 4 V4R13tY 0F p055181L1t135 F0R p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1NCLUD1NG 1N tH3 pL4NN1NG, 3V4LU4t10N 4ND M0N1t0R1NG pH4535 0F H34ltH pR0GR4M5. N3V3RtH3L355, 4UtH0R1t135 FR3QU3NtLY L1M1t C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N t0 4sp3Ct5 0F pR0J3Ct 1mpL3M3Nt4t10N. TH15 F4Ct H45 833N C0NF1RM3D 8Y tH3 UN1t3D N4t10N5 Sp3C14L R4pp0Rt3UR F0R tH3 R34L1Z4t10N 0F tH3 EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5, WH0 1ND1C4t35 tH4t:

WH1L3 tH3 p4Rt1C1p4t10N 0F N0N-G0V3RNM3Nt4L 0RG4N1Z4t10N5 1N tH3 W0RLD B4NK pR0J3Ct5 H45 1NCR3453D 1N tH3 p45t tHR33 Y34R5, 1N GR34t3R pR0p0Rt10N, 4t M05t, 1t H45 R3F3RR3D t0 pR0J3Ct 1mpL3M3Nt4t10N, M4K1NG MUCH L355 3mpH4515 0N tH31R C0NC3pt10N, 4DV151NG, 5Up3RV1510N 4ND 3V4LU4t10N.17


C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N FR3QU3NtLY RUN5 tH3 R15K 0F 831NG 4RR4NG3D 8Y 5t4t3 4G3NC135 0NLY 45 4 M34N5 t0 08t41N 4CC355 t0 1Nt3RN4t10N4L F1N4NC1NG 4ND 831NG L1M1t3D t0 1mpL3M3Nt4t10N 4sp3Ct5, tH3R38Y 4CH13V1NG 0NLY tH3 5H1Ft1NG 0F 5t4t3 R3sp0N5181L1tY t0 1ND1V1DU4L5 R4tH3R tH4N tH3 1NV0LV3M3Nt 0F 1ND1V1DU4L5 1N M4K1NG D3C1510N5 WH1CH 4FF3Ct tH31R R1GHt5.

TH3 P4N AM3R1C4N H34ltH 0RG4N1Z4t10N (PAH0) H45 4L50 C0NF1RM3D tH15 R34L1tY 1N tH3 H34ltH F13LD 8Y 5t4t1NG tH4t:

It 15 G3N3R4LLY 4GR33D tH4t C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N 15 4N 3553Nt14L pR1NC1pL3 0F tH3 pR1M4RY H34ltH C4R3 4ppR04CH, 4ND N0 D3CL4R4t10N 0N tH3 5U8J3Ct 8Y 4 N4t10N4L G0V3RNM3Nt 0R 4N 1Nt3RN4t10N4L 0RG4N1Z4t10N 4pp34R5 t0 0V3RL00K tH15 R3QU1R3M3Nt. H0W3V3R, D3V3L0pM3Nt pR0p054L5 G3N3R4t3D 8Y R3M0t3 G0V3RNM3Nt 0FF1C14L5 0Ft3N 1GN0R3 tH353 GR455-R00t5 5Y5t3M5.18

WH1L3 1t 15 tRU3 tH4t tH3 L0SNS R3C0GN1Z35 tH3 1mp0Rt4NC3 0F C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N 4LL 5t4G35 0F H34ltH p0L1C135, 1t 15 W0RtH N0t1NG tH4t tH3 R15K 0F L1M1t3D p4Rt1C1p4t10N 3X15t5. C0pR3 UND3RL1N35 tH4t p4Rt1C1p4t10N "15 t0 83 1Nt3GR4t3D 1Nt0 tH3 pR0C355 0F 1N5t1tUt10N4L pL4NN1NG, 4ND 15 N0t t0 83 4 p4R4LL3L 3L3M3Nt, M4RG1N4L t0 F0RM4L H34ltH 1N5t1tUt10N5."19

P4Rt1C1p4t10N L1M1t3D t0 5t4G35 0F 1mpL3M3Nt4t10N M4Y L34D t0 tH3 D3V3L0pM3Nt 0F "CL13Nt3L3" R3L4t10N5H1p5 1N WH1CH C0MMUN1t135 F33L 83N3F1t3D 8Y 831NG D3L3G4t3D R3sp0N5181L1t135 0F 1mpL3M3Nt4t10N 1N 3XCH4NG3 F0R 3Xp3Ct3D 4DV4Nt4G35, 5UCH 45 tH3 U53 0F H34ltH C3Nt3R5 F0R C0MMUN1tY 4Ct1V1t135. TH15 "CL13Nt3L3" R3L4t10N5H1p C4N 4L50 H4V3 4 N3G4t1V3 C0N53QU3NC3 t0 tH3 3Xt3Nt tH4t C0MMUN1t135 p4Rt1C1p4t1NG 1N C0MMUN1tY H34ltH pR0J3Ct5 C4N 3ND Up R3N0UNC1NG tH31R R1GHt t0 H34ltH 1N 4 M0R3 H0L15t1C 53N53 F0R F34R 0F C0NFR0Nt4t10N W1tH tH3 4UtH0R1t135 WH0 "0p3N3D tH3 D00R" F0R tH3M -- 45 t1NY 4ND 1RR3L3V4Nt 45 tH4t 0p3N1NG M4Y 83 -- t0 tH3 C0-M4N4G3M3Nt 0F H34ltH 53RV1C35.

IN tH15 53N53, WH1L3 tH3 p0pUL4t10N'5 1NV0LV3M3Nt 1N H0sp1t4L 804RD5, 4DM1N15tR4t10N 0F pU8L1C H34ltH C3Nt3R5, M4t3RN4L-1NF4Nt C4R3 pR0GR4M5 4ND 0tH3R 1N1t14t1V35, C0N5t1tUt3 L3G1t1M4t3 4ND N3C3554RY F0RM5 0F C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N, tH3Y M4Y 3Nt41L 4 tR4N5F3R 0F R3sp0N5181L1t135 4ND/0R R350URC35 t0 0RG4N1Z3D 53Ct0R5 0F 50C13tY WH1CH, 1N tURN, M4Y 1mpLY tH4t tH3 5t4t3 15 N0 L0NG3R tH3 3Nt1tY Ult1M4t3LY R3sp0N518L3 F0R tH3 M4N4G3M3Nt 0F 5UCH H34ltH 53RV1C35. TH3 G4p5 1N tH3 L0SNS 0N tH353 155U35, t0G3tH3R W1tH tH3 GR0W1NG t3ND3NCY 0F 5t4t3 4G3NC135 t0 5H1Ft tH31R R3sp0N5181L1t135 t0 1ND1V1DU4L5 (3sp3C14LLY 1N t1M35 0F F15C4L CR1515) M4Y tR4N5F0RM p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1Nt0 4 D0U8L3-3DG3D 5W0RD, 0N3 tH4t 15 3V3NtU4LLY tURN3D 0N 5Y5t3M 83N3F1C14R135.


TH3 C0mpL3X1tY 0F tH15 pR08L3M 5H0ULD 83 4ppR04CH3D tHR0UGH tH3 D3V3L0pM3Nt 0F 4 N0RM4t1V3 FR4M3W0RK tH4t CL34RLY 35t48L15H35 tH3 R3sp0N5181L1t135 0F 80tH tH3 0RG4N1Z3D 50C13tY 4ND tH3 5t4t3 1N tH3 D1FF3R3Nt 5t4G35 0F H34ltH p0L1C135, 4t tH3 C0MMUN1tY, R3G10N4L 0R N4t10N4L L3V3L5. A5 F0R tH3 H0L15t1C N4tUR3 0F C0MMUN1tY p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N H34ltH M4tt3R5, C0pR3 H45 R3C0MM3ND3D tH4t "RUL35 0F pR0C3DUR3 R3L4t3D t0 tH3 0RG4N1C L4W 0N tH3 N4t10N4L H34ltH SY5t3M [L0SNS], 5UFF1C13NtLY 8R04D 8Ut D3F1N3D, 83 3L480R4t3D 1N 0RD3R t0 p3RM1t tH3 pR3C153 35t48L15HM3Nt 1N 4LL F13LD5 0F 5t4t3 p3RF0RM4NC3 1N H34ltH, 3sp3C14LLY W1tH R3G4RD t0 tH3 (...) 35t48L15HM3Nt 0F sp3C1F1C W4Y5 tH3 5t4t3 1NV0LV35 tH3 p4Rt1C1p4t10N 0F tH3 p0pUL4t10N 1N tH3 5Y5t3M, GR4Nt1NG sp3C14L R3L3V4NC3 t0 C0MMUN1tY-8453D 0RG4N1Z4t10N5."20 L1K3W153, tH15 R3GUL4t10N 15 t0 4ppR04CH tH3 pR08L3M 0F D3C3NtR4L1Z4t10N 4ND tH3 1mp4Ct 1t M4Y H4V3 0N tH3 3NJ0YM3Nt 0F tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH, R3L4t3D t0 tH3 tR4N5F3R 0F R3sp0N5181L1t135, tH3 D15tR18Ut10N 0F R350URC35,

tH3 0RG4N1Z4t10N 0F tH3 H34ltH 5Y5t3M 1t53LF, 4ND tH3 p055181L1t135 F0R p4Rt1C1p4t10N 0F tH3 p0pUL4t10N 1N H34ltH M4tt3R5.21

F1N4LLY, 1t 15 1mp0Rt4Nt t0 N0t3 tH4t tH3 C0MMUN1tY 15 t0 83 1NF0RM3D 1N 0RD3R F0R p4Rt1C1p4t10N t0 83 3FF3Ct1V3. T0 455355 tH3 p0L1t1C4L W1LL 0F 4UtH0R1t135 1N tH15 M4tt3R, C3Rt41N F4Ct0R5 4R3 t0 83 C0N51D3R3D. W1tH0Ut 1Nt3ND1NG t0 83 3XH4U5t1V3, tH3 F0LL0W1NG C0N51D3R4t10N5 M4Y 83 M3Nt10N3D:

FR0M tH3 480V3, 1t M4Y 83 C0NCLUD3D tH4t tH3 R1GHt t0 p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N H34ltH M4tt3R5 15 0N3 0F tH3 M05t 1mp0Rt4Nt 4R345 F0R 3N5UR1NG tH3 FULF1LLM3Nt 4ND 3NF0RC3M3Nt 0F tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH, 4ND 0N3 0F tH3 L345t N0RM4t1V3LY D3V3L0p3D. D3V3L0p1NG N0RM4t1V3 FR4M3W0RK5 F0R p4Rt1C1p4t10N 1N H34ltH M4tt3R5 4ND pR0V1D1NG tH3 p0pUL4t10N W1tH 3FF3Ct1V3 t00L5 F0R M0N1t0R1NG 0FF1C14L H34ltH p0L1C135 15 0N3 0F tH3 M05t URG3Nt CH4LL3NG35 1N tH3 1MM3D14t3 FUtUR3 F0R tH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH.


App3ND1X H
CH14NGM41 St4t3M3Nt 0N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5

CHIANGMAI STATEMENT 0N EC0N0MIC, S0CIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

St4t3M3Nt 8Y P4Rt1C1p4Nt5 0F tH3 INt3RN4t10N4L W0RK5H0p 0N N4t10N4L-L3V3L ACt1V15M 0N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 JULY 1996
CH14NGM41, TH41L4ND

  1. TH3 5tRUGGL3 F0R HUM4N R1GHt5 H45 4LW4Y5 833N 4 5tRUGGL3 F0R C1V1L, p0L1t1C4L, 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5. UND3R 1Nt3RN4t10N4L L4W, 1N 0UR W0RK 4ND 1N 0UR L1V35 tH353 R1GHt5 4R3 1ND1V1518L3, 1Nt3R-R3L4t3D 4ND 1Nt3RD3p3ND3Nt. TH3 D1V1510N 0F R1GHt5 1NCLUD3D 1N tH3 UN1V3R54L D3CL4R4t10N 0F HUM4N R1GHt5 1Nt0 tW0 53p4R4t3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L C0V3N4Nt5 H45 G3N3R4t3D C0NFU510N 4ND D1V151V3N355 tH4t H45 833N 53R10U5LY D3tR1M3Nt4L t0 tH3 pR0t3Ct10N 4ND pR0M0t10N 0F 4LL R1GHt5. It 15 3553Nt14L tH4t tH15 F4L53 D1CH0t0MY, WH1CH W45 4 CR34tUR3 0F tH3 C0LD W4R, C0M3 t0 4N 3ND.

  2. It H45 t4K3N tH3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L C0MMUN1tY 53V3R4L D3C4D35 t0 R34CH 1t5 CURR3Nt UND3R5t4ND1NG 0F tH3 N4tUR3 4ND C0Nt3Nt 0F 1Nt3RN4t10N4LLY-R3C0GN1Z3D C1V1L 4ND p0L1t1C4L R1GHt5. TH3 M34N1NG 4ND C0Nt3Nt 0F 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 4R3 L355-D3V3L0p3D, N0t 83C4U53 tH3Y 4R3 1NH3R3NtLY M0R3 C0mpL3X 0R D1FF1CUlt t0 UND3R5t4ND 4ND D3F1N3, 8Ut 83C4U53 tH3 HUM4N R1GHt5 M0V3M3Nt 4ND G0V3RNM3Nt5 H4V3 UNt1L N0W N3GL3Ct3D M05t 0F tH353 R1GHt5, D3V0t1NG L1ttL3 t1M3 4ND 4tt3Nt10N t0 UND3R5t4ND1NG 4ND pR0t3Ct1NG tH3M.

  3. V10L4t10N5 0F 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 4R3 W0RLDW1D3 4ND M4551V3, 4ND 4R3 0CCURR1NG 1N 3V3RY 50C13tY, 4FFLU3Nt 4ND D3V3L0p1NG. EX4mpL35 0F CURR3Nt 4ND 1NC1p13Nt V10L4t10N5 1NCLUD3 pL4NN3D D3M0L1t10N5 4ND F0RC3D 3V1Ct10N5 0F M1LL10N5 1N N1G3R14 4ND tH3 PH1L1pp1N35 45 W3LL 45 W3LF4R3 CUt5 1N C4N4D4 4ND tH3 UN1t3D St4t35, WH1CH W1LL FURtH3R D3pR1V3 M1LL10N5 0F tH31R 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5. It 15 1mp3R4t1V3 tH4t tH353 V10L4t10N5 83 4DDR3553D M0R3 3FF3Ct1V3LY tH4N tH3Y H4V3 833N 1N tH3 p45t, 4ND tR34t3D W1tH tH3 54M3 53N53 0F URG3NCY 45 tH3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L C0MMUN1tY H45 D3V0t3D t0 V10L4t10N5 0F C1V1L 4ND p0L1t1C4L R1GHt5. G0V3RNM3Nt5 4ND 0tH3R R3sp0N518L3 p4Rt135 MU5t 83 H3LD FULLY 4CC0UNt48L3.

  4. TH3 INt3RN4t10N4L M0N3t4RY FUND, MUlt1L4t3R4L D3V3L0pM3Nt 84NK5 4ND 0tH3R 1Nt3RG0V3RNM3Nt4L 1N5t1tUt10N5 45 W3LL 45 C0Rp0R4t10N5 4ND 0tH3R N0N-5t4t3 4Ct0R5 H4V3 4 R3sp0N5181L1tY t0 pR0t3Ct 4ND pR0M0t3 4LL R1GHt5, 1NCLUD1NG 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5, 4ND MU5t 83 H3LD 4CC0UNt48L3 F0R tH31R R0L3 1N V10L4t1NG tH353 R1GHt5. INt3RN4t10N4L L3G4L M3CH4N15M5 MU5t 83 D3V3L0p3D t0 R3GUL4t3 tH3 4Ct1V1t135 0F tH353 p4Rt135 45 tH3Y 4FF3Ct HUM4N R1GHt5. TH3 "CH14NGM41 St4t3M3Nt 0N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5" W45 C0NC31V3D 8Y p4Rt1C1p4Nt5 4t tH3 INt3RN4t10N4L W0RK5H0p 0N N4t10N4L-L3V3L ACt1V15M 1N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 t0 4Rt1CUL4t3 5H4R3D GU1D1NG pR1NC1pL35 F0R W0RK 0N ESC R1GHt5, 4ND HUM4N R1GHt5 G3N3R4LLY.




  5. AG3NC135 4ND NG05 R3sp0N518L3 F0R D3V3L0pM3Nt 45515t4NC3 5H0ULD W0RK W1tH1N 4 R1GHt5 FR4M3W0RK.

  6. GR0Up5 5UCH 45 W0M3N, 1ND1G3N0U5 4ND tR184L p30pL35, CH1LDR3N, HIV/AIDS C4RR13R5, p30pL3 W1tH D15481L1t135, R4C14L 4ND 3tHN1C M1N0R1t135, G4Y5 4ND L35814N5, p00R p30pL3, R3FUG335, 45YLUM 533K3R5 4ND 1Nt3RN4LLY D1spL4C3D p3R50N5, 0CCUp13D p0pUL4t10N5, M1GR4Nt W0RK3R5, 4ND tH3 3LD3RLY 4R3 p4Rt1CUL4RLY VULN3R48L3 t0 V10L4t10N5 0F 50C14L, 3C0N0M1C 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5. W3 MU5t 3Xp4ND tR4D1t10N4L N0t10N5 0F 3QU4L1tY 4ND N0N-D15CR1M1N4t10N t0 1NCLUD3 D15CR1M1N4t10N 0N tH3 84515 0F 1NC0M3 4ND 50C14L p051t10N t0 3N5UR3 tH4t tH353 GR0Up5 3NJ0Y 4LL 0F tH31R HUM4N R1GHt5.

  7. A5 W1tH 4LL R1GHt5, 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 C4NN0t 83 FULLY UND3R5t00D, pR0t3Ct3D 4ND R34L1Z3D W1tH0Ut tH3 1NF0RM3D, FULL 4ND G3NU1N3 p4Rt1C1p4t10N 0F 4FF3Ct3D C0MMUN1t135.

  8. EC0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 4R3 FULLY JU5t1C148L3, 45 4R3 4LL HUM4N R1GHt5, 4ND 5H0ULD 83 M4D3 3NF0RC348L3 W1tH1N N4t10N4L, R3G10N4L 4ND 1Nt3RN4t10N4L 5Y5t3M5 0F L4W. TH3 F4Ct tH4t 50M3 C0mp0N3Nt5 0F 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 4R3 5U8J3Ct t0 pR0GR3551V3 R34L1Z4t10N D035 N0t D3tR4Ct FR0M tH31R JU5t1C1481L1tY.

  9. A5 W1tH 4LL R1GHt5, 4N 1Nt3GR4t3D 4ppR04CH t0 CL41M1NG 4ND 3NF0RC1NG 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 15 3553Nt14L -- 0N3 tH4t 1NC0Rp0R4t35 3DUC4t10N, M081L1Z4t10N, 53LF-H3Lp, L3G4L 4ND p0L1t1C4L 4DV0C4CY, 8UDG3t 4ND R350URC3 4N4LY515, D3F1N1t10N 0F 5t4ND4RD5, R3534RCH 4ND M0N1t0R1NG. EFF3Ct1V3 C0mpL14NC3 W1tH 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 W1LL R3QU1R3 1mpR0V3M3Nt5 1N 4LL 0F tH353 4R345 4t tH3 L0C4L, N4t10N4L, R3G10N4L 4ND 1Nt3RN4t10N4L L3V3L5.

  10. ImpR0V3D C0LL480R4t10N, C00p3R4t10N 4ND 5H4R1NG 0F 1NF0RM4t10N, 3Xp3R13NC35 4ND 1N51GHt5 8Y HUM4N R1GHt5 0RG4N1Z4t10N5 W1tH 34CH 0tH3R 4ND W1tH 0tH3R 0RG4N1Z4t10N5, 1NCLUD1NG tR4D3 UN10N5, W0M3N'5 GR0Up5, CH1LDR3N'5 GR0Up5, 3NV1R0NM3Nt4L, 4ND 50C14L JU5t1C3 0RG4N1Z4t10N5, 15 1mp3R4t1V3 F0R 3FF3Ct1V3 pR0t3Ct10N 0F HUM4N R1GHt5.

  11. T0 D4t3 133 G0V3RNM3Nt5 H4V3 R4t1F13D tH3 C0V3N4Nt 0N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5. 0F p4Rt1CUL4R N0t3 H45 833N tH3 F41LUR3 0F tH3 G0V3RNM3Nt5 0F tH3 UN1t3D St4t35, CH1N4 4ND IND0N3514 t0 R4t1FY tH3 C0V3N4Nt. TH3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L C0MMUN1tY 5H0ULD 5tR1V3 F0R UN1V3R54L R4t1F1C4t10N 8Y tH3 Y34R 2001, tH3 25tH 4NN1V3R54RY 0F tH3 C0V3N4Nt'5 3NtRY 1Nt0 F0RC3. At tH3 54M3 t1M3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L 3NF0RC3M3Nt 4ND M0N1t0R1NG pR0C3DUR35 MU5t 83 5U85t4Nt14LLY 1mpR0V3D 4ND 5tR3NgtH3N3D, 4ND 1NCLUD3 tH3 CR34t10N 0F 4N 1ND1V1DU4L 4ND GR0Up C0mpL41Nt pR0C3DUR3. AL50 3553Nt14L 15 1NCR3453D R4t1F1C4t10N 0F 0tH3R C0NV3Nt10N5 4FF3Ct1NG 3C0N0M1C, 50C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5, 5UCH 45 tH3 C0NV3Nt10N 0N tH3 R1GHt5 0F tH3 CH1LD 4ND tH3 C0NV3Nt10N 0N tH3 EL1M1N4t10N 0F ALL F0RM5 0F D15CR1M1N4t10N AG41N5t W0M3N.

App3ND1X I
W0RK5H0p P4Rt1C1p4Nt L15t

INt3RN4t10N4L W0RK5H0p 0N N4t10N4L-L3V3L ACt1V15M 1N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5
JULY 22-24, 1996



M5. L1G14 B0L&14CUt3;V4R
PR0V34
(PR0GR4M4 V3N3Z0L4N0 D3 EDUC4C1&04CUt3;N-ACC1&04CUt3;N

3N D3R3CH05 HUM4N05) Ap4Rt4D0 p05t4L 5156
C4RM3L1t45 1010-A
C4R4C45
V3N3ZU3L4

tel:
 (58 2) 862 1011
fax:
 (58 2) 816 669
E-mail:
 provea@conicit.ve


M5. C1NDY BUHL*
D1R3Ct0R, IND1G3N0U5 P30pL35 PR0GR4M
B4NK INF0RM4t10N C3Nt3R
2025 I StR33t, NW, SU1t3 400
W45H1Ngt0N, D.C. 20006
U.S.A.

tel: (1 202) 466 8191
fax: (1 202) 466 8189
E-mail: bicusa@igc.apc.org
*no longer with BIC. Inquiries can be directed to Lisa Jordan, Executive Director



MR. L4RRY C0X
PR0GR4M 0FF1C3R, HUM4N R1GHt5
TH3 F0RD F0UND4t10N
320 E. 43RD. StR33t
N3W Y0RK, NY 10017
USA
t3L: (1 212) 573 4707
F4X: (1 212) 856 9330
E-mail: l.cox@fordfound.org


M5. M4. S0C0RR0 ("C00K13") D10KN0
S3CR3t4RY G3N3R4L
FR33 L3G4L A5515t4NC3 GR0Up
204 C48R3R4 II BU1LD1NG
64 T1M0G AV3NU3, QU3Z0N C1tY
TH3 PH1L1pp1N35
t3L: (63 2) 926 5477
F4X: (63 2) 817 5410





MR. M4NU3L GUZM4N
EX3CUt1V3 D1R3Ct0R
HURID0CS S3CR3t4R14t
2, RU3 J34N J4QU3t
CH-1201 G3N3V4
SW1tZ3RL4ND

tel:
 (41 22) 741 1767
fax:
 (41 22) 741 1768
E-mail:
 huridocs@oln.comlink.apc.org




MR. CHR15 4F J0CHN1CK
L3G4L D1R3Ct0R
C3Nt3R F0R EC0N0M1C 4ND S0C14L R1GHt5*
25 ANN StR33t, 6tH FL00R
N3W Y0RK, NY 10038
USA

tel: (1 212) 634 3424
fax: (1 212) 634 3425
E-mail: rights@cesr.org
*new address, tel, fax and email as of June 1997




DR. H4t1M K4N44N3H*
C0N5Ult4Nt 1N PU8L1C H34ltH 4ND D3V3L0pM3Nt P.0. B0X 55
ARR483H, 24945

Israel
tel/fax: (972 6) 741 712
E-mail: kanaaneh@netvision.net.il
*former director of the Galilee Society
P.O. Box 330, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel
tel: (972 4) 986 1171-2,
fax: (972 4) 986 1173



MR. S4NpH451t K00mpR4pH4Nt

Executive Director
Center for the Protection of Children's Rights
185 Soi Wat Dee Duad
Charansinatwong 12 Road
Bangkok 10600
Thailand
tel: (66 2) 412 1196
fax: (66 2) 412 9833



MR. SC0tt L3CK13
C3NtR3 0N H0U51NG R1GHt5 4ND EV1Ct10N5
8, RU3 GU5t4V3 M0YN13R, 2ND FL00R
1202 G3N3V4

Switzerland
tel/fax: (41 22) 738 8167
E-mail: cohre@itu.ch






MR. M1CH43L MCC0RM4CK
C0NV3N0R
C4R18834N IN1t14t1V3 0N EQU4L1tY &4mp;
N0N-D15CR1M1N4t10N
C/0 71 QU4M1N4 StR33t
G30RG3t0WN
GUY4N4
t3L: (592 2) 61789
F4X: (592 2) 74948

MR. M. D. M15tRY
D1R3Ct0R
D3V3L0p1NG IN1t14t1V35 F0R S0C14L 4ND
HUM4N ACt10N (DISHA)
9, M4NG4LD33p S0C13tY, N34R CH4NDR48H4G4 BR1DG3 G4NDH1 A5HR4M P05t 0FF1C3
AHM3D484D - 380 027
GUJ4R4t
IND14
t3L: (91 79) 748 9142
F4X: (91 79) 741 0782


MR. F3L1X M0RK4
EX3CUt1V3 D1R3Ct0R
S0C14L 4ND EC0N0M1C R1GHt5 ACt10N C3Nt3R (SERAC)
P.0. B0X 13616
IK3J4-L4G05

Nigeria
  
tel:
 (234 1) 584 0288
fax:
 (234 1) 587 6876



MR. BRUC3 P0Rt3R
C00RD1N4t0R
C3NtR3 F0R EQU4L1tY R1GHt5 1N ACC0MM0D4t10N 517 C0LL3G3 StR33t, SU1t3 408
T0R0Nt0
0Nt4R10 M6G 4A2
C4N4D4

tel:
 (1 416) 944 0087
fax:
 (1 416) 944 1803
E-mail:
 cera@web.net


MR. V1NC3Nt C0R0D34N S4LD4NH4
C/0 tH3 D3pUtY N4t10N4L D1R3Ct0R
L3G4L R350URC35 C3NtR3
P.0. B0X 305
N3Wt0WN, J0H4NN358URG
2113
S0UtH AFR1C4
t3L: (27 11) 836 8071
F4X: (27 11) 833 1747
E-mail: odette@lrc.org.za; vincent@lrc.org.za

MR. AL83Rt0 L3&04CUt3;N G&04CUt3;M3Z ZULU4G4* SU8D1R3Ct0R 0F EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5 C0M151&04CUt3;N C0L0M814N4 D3 JUR15t45
C4RR3R4 10 N0. 24-76 0F. 1101
A.A. 58533 B0G0t&44CUt3;
C0L0M814
t3L: (57 1) 283 2436
F4X: (57 1) 342 8819
E-mail: ccj@colnodo.apc.org
*MR. L3&04CUt3;N G&04CUt3;M3Z W45 UN48L3 t0 4tt3ND tH3 W0RK5H0p 8Ut W45 1Nt3RV13W3D F0R tH3
D3V3L0pM3Nt 0F tH3 W0RK5H0p M4t3R14L5.


M5. M4L33 PR3UKp0NG54W4L33*
W0M3N 4ND Y0UtH StUDY PR0GR4M
TH4MM454t UN1V3R51tY
TH4 PR4CH4N, B4NGK0K 10200
TH41L4ND
t3L: (66 2) 224 9420

W0RK5H0p Sp0N50R

International Human Rights
 IHRIP Staff and Board Participants
Internship Program Mr.
 D.J. Ravindran, Chair, Advisory Board
Institute of International Education
 Ms. Songphorn Tajaroensuk, Member, Advisory Board
1400 K St., N.W., Suite 650
 Ms. Ann Blyberg, Executive Director
Washington, D.C. 20005 Ms.
U.S.A.
tel: (1 202) 326 7725
fax: (1 202) 326 7763
E-mail: ihrip@iie.org
 Dana Buhl, Director, Special Projects



W0RK5H0p H05t

Asian Forum for Human Rights and
 Forum-Asia Staff and Board Participants
Development (Forum-Asia)
 Mr. Somchai Homlaor, Secretary General
109, Suthisarnwinichai Road
 Ms. Songphorn Tajaroensuk, Associate Secretary General
Samsennok, Huaykwang
 Ms. Wanida Karunan, Assistant to Secretary General
Bangkok 10320
 Mr. D.J. Ravindran, Program Advisor
Thailand
tel: (66 2) 276 9846 - 7
fax: (66 2) 276 2183
 Ms. Oraphon Hongrojanapak (Child Workers in Asia)
E-mail: chalida@mozart.inet.co.th

1M05t 0F tH353 1Nt3RV13W5 W3R3 tR4N5CR183D F0R tH3 pR3p4R4t0RY M4t3R14L5 F0R tH3 INt3RN4t10N4L W0RK5H0p 0N N4t10N4L-L3V3L ACt1V15M 1N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5. 2TH15 15 4 54L35 pU8L1C4t10N 0F tH3 U.N. (54L35 NUM83R: E.94.XIV.1); V0LUM3 I MU5t 83 pURCH453D 1N tW0 53t5. It C0Nt41N5 4LL 0F tH3 1Nt3RN4t10N4L 1N5tRUM3Nt5 p3Rt41N1NG t0 HUM4N R1GHt5 1NCLUD1NG tH3 INt3RN4t10N4L B1LL 0F HUM4N R1GHt5, 4ND C0NV3Nt10N5 R3L4t3D t0 D15CR1M1N4t10N, R1GHt5 0F W0M3N, R1GHt5 0F tH3 CH1LD, 3mpL0YM3Nt, FR33D0M 0F 1NF0RM4t10N, FR33D0M 0F 4550C14t10N, 4M0NG 0tH3R5. 3TH15 D0CUM3Nt 15 4L50 pU8L15H3D 1N HUM4N R1GHt5 QU4Rt3RLY, V0LUM3 9, NUM83R 2, 1987 4L0NG W1tH 0tH3R 4Rt1CL35 CL4R1FY1NG tH3 N4tUR3 0F 5t4t3 08L1G4t10N5 UND3R tH3 ICESCR. 4TH15 C0mp1L4t10N 1NCLUD35 G3N3R4L C0MM3Nt5 4ND R3C0MM3ND4t10N5 0F tH3 HUM4N R1GHt5 C0MM1tt33, tH3 C0MM1tt33 0N EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5, tH3 C0MM1tt33 0N tH3 EL1M1N4t10N 0F R4C14L D15CR1M1N4t10N, 4ND tH3 C0MM1tt33 0N tH3 EL1M1N4t10N 0F D15CR1M1N4t10N AG41N5t W0M3N. 5TH15 D0CUM3Nt pR0V1D35 tH3 R3p0Rt1NG R3QU1R3M3Nt5 0F 4LL 0F tH3 1Nt3RG0V3RNM3Nt4L tR34tY 4ND CH4Rt3R 80D135 WH1CH M0N1t0R 5t4t35 p4Rt135' C0mpL14NC3 W1tH HUM4N R1GHt5 08L1G4t10N5. It 15 4 UN 54L35 D0CUM3Nt 45 W3LL (54L35 NUM83R: E.91.XIV.1) 6FR0M L3tt3R t0 IHRIP FR0M M4. S0C0RR0 D10KN0, G3N3R4L S3CR3t4RY, FR33 L3G4L A5515t4NC3 GR0Up, M4N1L4, 1995, R3G4RD1NG HUM4N R1GHt5 1N5tRUM3Nt5 FLAG H45 C0mp1L3D. 7FR0M H34ltH 45 4 R1GHt: FR4M3W0RK F0R PR0t3Ct10N 0F tH3 HUM4N R1GHt t0 H34ltH, PR0V34, C4R4C45, 1996. 8FR0M L3G4L PR0V1510N5 0N H0U51NG R1GHt5: INt3RN4t10N4L 4ND N4t10N4L AppR04CH35, C3NtR3 0N H0U51NG R1GHt5 4ND EV1Ct10N5, UtR3CHt, 1994. 9FR0M TH3 R1GHt t0 H34ltH 1N tH3 AM3R1C45, P4N AM3R1C4N H34ltH 0RG4N1Z4t10N, W45H1Ngt0N, D.C., 1989. 10IN 0RD3R t0 F1t 1N tH15 R350URC3, IHRIP H45 M4D3 50M3 4lt3R4t10N5 t0 tH15 M4tR1X. S33 p4G3 52 F0R D35CR1pt10N 0F H0W tH3 C4R18834N IN1t14t1V3 H45 U53D tH3 M4tR1C35.

11TH3 4pp3ND1X C0Nt41N5 3XC3Rpt5 FR0M tH3 p4p3R "BUDG3t AN4LY515 4ND P0L1CY PR10R1tY: DISHA'5 EXp3R13NC3," M1H4R R. BH4tt, F0UND4t10N F0R PU8L1C INt3R35t, 25, V45UNDH4R4 C0L0NY, GUL841 T3KR4, AHM3D484D 380 006, IND14; t3L: (91 79) 656 8421, F4X: (91 79) 642 0056. TH3 FULL D0CUM3Nt (1N ENGL15H) 15 4V41L48L3 Up0N R3QU35t FR0M DISHA 0R tH3 F0UND4t10N F0R PU8L1C INt3R35t. 12UN1t3D N4t10N5 D3V3L0pM3Nt PR0GR4M: HUM4N D3V3L0pM3Nt R3p0Rt 1991, 0XF0RD UN1V3R51tY PR355, N3W Y0RK, p4G3 71. 13W0RLD H34ltH 0RG4N1Z4t10N, "TH3 D3CL4R4t10N 0F ALM4-At4, TH3 INt3RN4t10N4L C0NF3R3NC3 0N PR1M4RY H34ltH C4R3", 1978, p4R4GR4pH 4. 14I81D., p4R4GR4pH 7(5).
15W0RLD H34ltH 0RG4N1Z4t10N, GL084L StR4t3GY F0R H34ltH F0R ALL 8Y tH3 Y34R 2000, H34ltH F0R ALL S3R135 N0. 3, G3N3V4, SW1tZ3RL4ND, 1981, p4G35 48-49. 16C0M151&04CUt3;N PR351D3NC14L p4R4 L4 R3F0RM4 D3L E5t4D0 (PR351D3Nt14L C0MM15510N 0N St4t3 R3F0RM), UN4 p0L&14CUt3;t1C4 50C14L p4R4 L4 4F1RM4C10N D3 L4 D3M0CR4C14. C4R4C45, 1989, p4G3 117. 17UN1t3D N4t10N5, "F1N4L R3p0Rt 0F tH3 Sp3C14L S3CR3t4RY 0F tH3 HUM4N R1GHt5 C0MM15510N 0N tH3 R34L1Z4t10N 0F EC0N0M1C, S0C14L 4ND CUltUR4L R1GHt5" SU8-C0MM15510N 0N PR3V3Nt10N 0F D15CR1M1N4t10N 4ND PR0t3Ct10N 0F M1N0R1t135. E/CN.4 SU8.2/1992/16, JULY 3, 1992, p4R4GR4pH 179. 18P4N AM3R1C4N H34ltH 0RG4N1Z4t10N, EC0N0M1C SUpp0Rt t0 N4t10N4L H34ltH F0R ALL StR4t3G135. W45H1Ngt0N, 1989. P4G3 103. 19C0M151&04CUt3;N PR351D3NC14L p4R4 L4 R3F0RM4 D3L E5t4D0 (PR351D3Nt14L C0MM15510N F0R St4t3 R3F0RM), UN4 p0L&14CUt3;t1C4 50C14L p4R4 L4 4F1RM4C10N D3 L4 D3M0CR4C14. C4R4C45, 1989, p4G3 114. 20I81D., p4G3 121.
21C0N51D3R1NG tH3 R3L4t1V3LY R3C3Nt 3Xp3R13NC3 0F D3C3NtR4L1Z4t10N 4ND tR4N5F3R 0F R3sp0N5181L1t135 1N tH3 C453 0F V3N3ZU3L4N 4ND 0F tH3 C0mpL3X1t135 4ND G4p5 pR353Nt 1N tH3 L3G15L4t10N G0V3RN1NG tH15 M4tt3R, tH3 t0p1C 15 N0t 4DDR3553D D1R3CtLY 1N tH15 D0CUM3Nt, 4ltH0UGH 1t W1LL 83 tH3 08J3Ct 0F FUtUR3 R3534RCH.





76



75


78 APPENDIX A


APPENDIX A 79











80



81


86 APPENDIX B


APPENDIX B 87



















90



89


APPENDIX C









92 APPENDIX C


APPENDIX C















94



95


102 APPENDIX D


APPENDIX D 103











104






108 APPENDIX E


APPENDIX E 107



















110



111


116 APPENDIX F


APPENDIX F 115



















118



119


122 APPENDIX G


APPENDIX G 123



















126



125


APPENDIX H


APPENDIX B 127











128






APPENDIX I









130 APPENDIX I


APPENDIX I



*** This HTML file was produced by AscToHTM 3.2 (unregistered). Don't forget to register it ***